SIMBAD references

The eastern cloud of the nearby Cepheus complex, located at 111°<l<117° and 14°<b<19°, has been mapped in the CO(J=1->0) transition at a resolution of 0.8 pc with the CfA 1.2m telescope. This massive, but fairly diffuse cloud, with visual extinction <2mag, has also been sampled in the J=1->0 and 2->1 rotational transitions of CO and ¹³CO at the same resolution, using the CfA and POM-2 millimeter telescopes. The radiative transfer of the lines has been treated in the LTE and LVG approximations, the two yielding comparable results. In CO, low excitation temperatures have been found in the range of 5-11 K, with moderate optical depths (τ<3) and CO column-densities up to 4x10¹⁶cm^–2. In ¹³CO, the gas is optically thin with slightly lower excitation temperatures of 4-8 K, for ¹³CO column-densities up to 6x10¹⁵cm^–2. Under these conditions, the observed ratios of 2->1 over 1->0 velocity-integrated intensities, W_2 ->1_/W1 ->0_, have been found to be consistent with a uniform value over the cloud of 0.88 ±0.09 in CO and 0.60 ±0.07 in ¹³CO, as typical of many clouds. The ratios of CO over ¹³CO velocity-integrated intensities, W(¹²CO)/W(¹³CO), have been found to decrease with ¹³CO intensity as expected from the progressive saturation of the CO lines. The large scatter about this relation, observed at scales of 0.8 and 0.2pc, cannot be accounted for by instrumental error, beam dilution, or the dispersion of excitation temperatures and line widths measured in the cloud. The W(¹²CO)/W(¹³CO) fluctuations are therefore indicative of intrinsic variations in the molecular abundances. In particular, very low W(¹² CO)/W(¹³CO) ratios may result from efficient isotopic fractionation in this cold environment. Similar variations in ¹³CO intensity have been reported at a scale of 0.2 pc in two other dark clouds, HCL 2 (Cernicharo & Guelin 1987A&A...176..299C) and IC 5146 (Lada et al., 1994ApJ...429..694L), from the behaviour of their W(¹²CO)/W(¹³CO) or W(¹³CO)/A_V ratios with visual extinction. Together with the present results, they suggest that the ¹³CO abundance integrated along the line of sight largely varies inside the diffuse envelopes of molecular clouds.