SIMBAD references

We present a detailed calculation of the evolution of low-mass (<0.25M_☉) helium white dwarfs. These white dwarfs (the optical companions to binary millisecond pulsars) are formed via long-term, low-mass binary evolution. After detachment from the Roche lobe, the hot helium cores have a rather thick hydrogen layer with mass between 0.01 and 0.06M_☉. As a result of mixing between the core and outer envelope, the surface hydrogen content (X_surf) is 0.5-0.35, depending on the initial value of the heavy element Z and the initial secondary mass. We found that the majority of our computed models experience one or two hydrogen shell flashes. We found that the mass of the helium dwarf in which the hydrogen shell flash occurs depends on the chemical composition. The minimum helium white dwarf mass in which a hydrogen flash takes place is 0.213M_☉ (Z=0.003), 0.198M_☉ (Z=0.01), 0.192M_☉ (Z=0.02) or 0.183M_☉ (Z=0.03). The duration of the flashes (independent of chemical composition) is between a few x10⁶ and a few x10⁷yr. In several flashes the white dwarf radius will increase so much that it forces the model to fill its Roche lobe again. Our calculations show that the cooling history of the helium white dwarf depends dramatically on the thickness of the hydrogen layer. We show that the transition from a cooling white dwarf with a temporarily stable hydrogen-burning shell to a cooling white dwarf in which almost all residual hydrogen is lost in a few thermal flashes (via Roche lobe overflow) occurs between 0.183 and 0.213M_☉ (depending on the heavy element value).