SIMBAD references

Substructures, expected in cold dark matter haloes, have been proposed to explain the anomalous flux ratios in gravitational lenses. About 25 per cent of lenses in the Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey (CLASS) appear to have luminous satellites within ∼5h^–1 kpc of the main lensing galaxies, which are usually at redshift z ∼ 0.2-1. In this work, we use the Millennium Simulation combined with galaxy catalogues from semi-analytical techniques to study the predicted frequency of such satellites in simulated haloes. The fraction of haloes that host bright satellites within the (projected) central regions is similar for red and blue hosts and is found to increase as a function of host halo mass and redshift. Specifically, at z = 1, about 11 per cent of galaxy-sized haloes (with masses between 10¹² and 10¹³h^–1M_☉) host bright satellite galaxies within a projected radius of 5 h^–1 kpc. This fraction increases to about 17 per cent (25 per cent) if we consider bright (all) satellites of only group-sized haloes (with masses between 10¹³ and 10¹⁴h^–1M_☉). These results are roughly consistent with the fraction (∼25 per cent) of CLASS lensing galaxies observed to host luminous satellites. At z = 0, only ∼3 per cent of galaxy-sized haloes host bright satellite galaxies. The fraction rises to ∼6 per cent (10 per cent) if we consider bright (all) satellites of only group-sized haloes at z = 0. However, most of the satellites found in the inner regions are `orphan' galaxies where the dark matter haloes have been completely stripped. Thus, the agreement crucially depends on the true survival rate of these `orphan' galaxies. We also discuss the effects of numerical resolution and cosmologies on our results.