SIMBAD references

We present a new large-scale survey of the J = 3-2 ¹²CO emission covering 4.8 deg2 around the Rosette Nebula. The results reveal the complex dynamics of the molecular gas in this region. We identify about 2000 compact gas clumps having a mass distribution given by dN/dM ∼ M^–1.8, with no dependence of the power-law index on distance from the central O stars. A detailed study of a number of the clumps in the inner region shows that most exhibit velocity gradients in the range 1-3km/s/pc, generally directed away from the exciting nebula. The magnitude of the velocity gradient decreases with distance from the central O stars, and we compare the apparent clump acceleration with a photoionized gas acceleration model. For most clumps outside the central nebula, the model predicts lifetimes of a few 10⁵yr. In one of the most extended of these clumps, however, a near-constant velocity gradient can be measured over 1.7pc, which is difficult to explain with radiatively driven models of clump acceleration.

As well as the individual accelerated clumps, an unresolved limb-brightened rim lies at the interface between the central nebular cavity and the Rosette Molecular Cloud. Extending over 4pc along the edge of the nebula, this region is thought to be at an earlier phase of disruption than the accelerating compact globules.

Blueshifted gas clumps around the nebula are in all cases associated with dark absorbing optical globules, indicating that this material lies in front of the nebula and has been accelerated towards us. Redshifted gas shows little evidence of associated line-of-sight dark clouds, indicating that the dominant bulk molecular gas motion throughout the region is expansion away from the O stars. In addition, we find evidence that many of the clumps lie in a molecular ring, having an expansion velocity of 30km/s and radius 11pc. The dynamical time-scale derived for this structure (∼10⁶yr) is similar to the age of the nebula as a whole (2x10⁶yr).

The J = 3-2/1-0 ¹²CO line ratio in the clumps decreases with radial distance from the exciting O stars, from 1.6 at ∼8pc distance to 0.8 at 20pc. This can be explained by a gradient in the surface temperature of the clumps with distance, and we compare the results with a simple model of surface heating by the central luminous stars.

We identify seven high-velocity molecular flows in the region, with a close correspondence between these flows and embedded young clusters or known young luminous stars. These flows are sufficiently energetic to drive gas turbulence within each cluster, but fall short of the turbulent energy of the Rosette giant molecular cloud by two orders of magnitude.

We find 14 clear examples of association between an embedded young star (as seen by Spitzer at 24µm) and a CO clump in the molecular cloud facing the nebular. The CO morphology indicates that these are photoevaporating circumstellar envelopes. CO clumps without evidence of embedded stars tend to have lower gas velocity gradients. It is suggested that the presence of the young star may extend the lifespan of the externally photoevaporating envelope.