SIMBAD references

We present a high-resolution (full width at half-maximum = 2.7 km/s), high signal-to-noise ratio echelle spectrum for the z_em= 2.26 QSOJ2123-0050 and determine elemental abundances for the z_abs= 2.06 sub-damped Lyman alpha (sub-DLA) in its line of sight. This high-redshift sub-DLA has a complex kinematic structure and harbours detections of neutral (Si, Ci), singly (e.g. Cii, Sii) and multiply ionized (e.g. Civ, Siiv) species as well as molecular H₂ and HD. The plethora of detected transitions in various ionization stages is indicative of a complex multiphase structure present in this high-redshift galaxy. We demonstrate that the ionization corrections in this sub-DLA are significant (up to ∼0.7 dex). For example, if no ionization correction is applied, a super-solar metallicity is derived ([S/H] = +0.36), whereas a single phase ionization correction reduces this to [S/H] = -0.19. The theoretical impact of a multiphase medium is investigated through cloudy modelling, and it is found that the abundances of Si, S and Fe are always over-estimated (by up to 0.15 dex in our experiments) if a single phase is assumed. Therefore, although cloudy models improve estimates of metal column densities, the simplification of a single-phase medium leaves a systematic error in the result, so that even ionization-corrected abundances may still be too high. Without ionization corrections, the properties of this sub-DLA appear to require extreme scenarios of nucleosynthetic origins. After ionization corrections are applied, the interstellar medium of this galaxy appears to be similar to some of the sightlines through the Milky Way.