SIMBAD references

We present a galactic gravitational model of three degrees of freedom in order to investigate and reveal the behavior of orbits in a binary quasar system. The two quasars are hosted in a pair of interacting disk galaxies. We study in detail the regular or chaotic character of motion in two different cases: the time-independent model in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D dynamical systems, and the evolving 3D model. Our numerical calculations indicate that a large fraction of orbits in the 2D system are chaotic in the time-independent case. A careful analysis suggests that several Lindblad resonances are also responsible for the chaotic motion of stars in both host galaxies. In the time-dependent system, we follow the evolution of 3D orbits in our dynamical model, as the two interacting host galaxies develop dense and massive quasars in their cores by mass transportation from the disks to their nuclei. In this interesting case, there are orbits that change their orbital character from regular to chaotic and vice versa; there are also orbits that maintain their characters during the galactic evolution. These results strongly indicate that the ordered or chaotic nature of 3D orbits depends not only on the galactic interaction but also on the presence of quasars in the galactic cores of the host galaxies. The outcomes derived from our dynamical model are compared with observational data. Some theoretical arguments to support the numerically derived outcomes are presented, both in 2D and 3D systems, and a comparison with similar earlier work is also made.