SIMBAD references

VX Sgr is a red supergiant at an adopted distance of 1.6 kpc with intense 43 GHz SiO maser emission. In this paper, we present the high-resolution very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of SiO masers toward VX Sgr at five epochs. We used the Very Long Baseline Array to map the J = 1⟶0 (v = 1, 2) ²⁸SiO masers and confirmed a ring-like structure. In the first two epochs, the v = 1 masers form a ring, but v = 2 maser spots residing only in the southern and northern regions do not form a complete ring. In the third epoch, the two masers are distributed in a ring structure and the v = 2 masers are a bit closer to the central star. In the last two epochs, many new maser spots appear and overlap each other. These overlapping maser spots can be related to the shock waves and reflect the collisional pumping. We compare the observations with the pumping models and speculate that the real pumping mechanism may be complex in VX Sgr and vary with time. The J = 1⟶0 (v = 0) ²⁹SiO line emission is also detected, but is too weak to produce any VLBI map.