SIMBAD references

A vertical X-shaped structure in the Galactic bulge was recently reported. Here, we present evidence of a similar X-shaped structure in the Shen et al. 2010 bar/boxy bulge model that simultaneously matches the stellar kinematics successfully. The X-shaped structure is found in the central region of our bar/boxy bulge model and is qualitatively consistent with the observed one in many aspects. End-to-end separations of the X-shaped structure in the radial and vertical directions are roughly 3 kpc and 1.8 kpc, respectively. The X-shaped structure contains about 7% of light in the boxy bulge region, but it is significant enough to be identified in observations. An X-shaped structure naturally arises in the formation of bar/boxy bulges and is mainly associated with orbits trapped around the vertically extended x₁family. Like the bar in our model, the X-shaped structure tilts away from the Sun-Galactic center line by 20°. The X-shaped structure becomes increasingly symmetric about the disk plane, so the observed symmetry may indicate that it formed at least a few billion years ago. The existence of the vertical X-shaped structure suggests that the formation of the Milky Way bulge is shaped mainly by internal disk dynamical instabilities.