SIMBAD references

It is known that the diffuse Hα emission outside of bright H II regions not only are very extended, but also can occur in distinct patches or filaments far from H II regions, and the line ratios of [S II] λ6716/Hα and [N II] λ6583/Hα observed far from bright H II regions are generally higher than those in the H II regions. These observations have been regarded as evidence against the dust-scattering origin of the diffuse Hα emission (including other optical lines), and the effect of dust scattering has been neglected in studies on the diffuse Hα emission. In this paper, we reexamine the arguments against dust scattering and find that the dust-scattering origin of the diffuse Hα emission cannot be ruled out. As opposed to the previous contention, the expected dust-scattered Hα halos surrounding H II regions are, in fact, in good agreement with the observed Hα morphology. We calculate an extensive set of photoionization models by varying elemental abundances, ionizing stellar types, and clumpiness of the interstellar medium (ISM) and find that the observed line ratios of [S II]/Hα, [N II]/Hα, and He I λ5876/Hα in the diffuse ISM accord well with the dust-scattered halos around H II regions, which are photoionized by late O- and/or early B-type stars. We also demonstrate that the Hα absorption feature in the underlying continuum from the dust-scattered starlight ("diffuse galactic light") and unresolved stars is able to substantially increase the [S II]/Hα and [N II]/Hα line ratios in the diffuse ISM.