SIMBAD references

The stability of cosmic-ray modified shocks (CRMSs) is studied by means of numerical simulations. Owing to the nonlinear feedback of cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration, a downstream state of the modified shock can no longer be uniquely determined for given upstream parameters. It is known that up to three distinct solutions exist, which are characterized by CR production efficiency as the "efficient," "intermediate," and "inefficient" branches. The stability of these solutions is investigated by performing direct time-dependent simulations of a two-fluid model. It is found that both the efficient and inefficient branches are stable even against a large-amplitude perturbation, while the intermediate one is always unstable and evolves into the inefficient state as a result of nonlinear time development. This bistable feature is robust in a wide range of parameters and does not depend on the injection model. Fully nonlinear time evolution of a hydrodynamic shock with injection results in the least efficient state in terms of CR production, consistent with the bistable feature. This suggests that the CR production efficiency in supernova remnant shocks may be lower than previously discussed in the framework of the nonlinear shock acceleration theory considering the efficient solution of the CRMS.