SIMBAD references

We study ∼ 330 massive (M* > 109.5M☉), newborn spheroidal galaxies (SGs) around the epoch of peak star formation (1 < z < 3) to explore the high-redshift origin of SGs and gain insight into when and how the old stellar populations that dominate today's Universe formed. The sample is drawn from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/WFC3 Early-Release Science programme, which provides deep 10-filter (0.2-1.7 µm) HST imaging over one-third of the GOODS-South field. We find that the star formation episodes that built our SGs likely peaked in the redshift range 2 < z < 5 (with a median of z ∼ 3) and have decay time-scales shorter than ∼ 1.5Gyr. Starburst time-scales and ages show no trend with stellar mass in the range 109.5 < M* < 1010.5 M☉. However, the time-scales show increased scatter towards lower values (<0.3Gyr) for M* > 1010.5M☉, and an age trend becomes evident in this mass regime: SGs with M* > 1011.5M☉ are ∼ 2Gyr older than their counterparts with M* < 1010.5M☉. Nevertheless, a smooth downsizing trend with galaxy mass is not observed, and the large scatter in starburst ages indicates that SGs are not a particularly coeval population. Around half of the blue SGs appear not to drive their star formation via major mergers, and those that have experienced a recent major merger show only modest enhancements ( ∼ 40percent) in their specific star formation rates. Our empirical study indicates that processes other than major mergers (e.g. violent disc instability driven by cold streams and/or minor mergers) likely play a dominant role in building SGs, and creating a significant fraction of the old stellar populations that dominate today's Universe.