SIMBAD references

We use the IRAM Large Program EMPIRE and new high-resolution ALMA data to measure ¹³CO(1-0)/C¹⁸O(1-0) intensity ratios across nine nearby spiral galaxies. These isotopologues of ¹²CO are typically optically thin across most of the area in galaxy disks, and this ratio allows us to gauge their relative abundance due to chemistry or stellar nucleosynthesis effects. Resolved ¹³CO/C¹⁸O gradients across normal galaxies have been rare due to the faintness of these lines. We find a mean ¹³CO/C¹⁸O ratio of 6.0 ± 0.9 for the central regions of our galaxies. This agrees well with results in the Milky Way, but differs from results for starburst galaxies (3.4 ± 0.9) and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (1.1 ± 0.4). In our sample, the ¹³CO/C¹⁸O ratio consistently increases with increasing galactocentric radius and decreases with increasing star formation rate surface density. These trends could be explained if the isotopic abundances are altered by fractionation; the sense of the trends also agrees with those expected for carbon and oxygen isotopic abundance variations due to selective enrichment by massive stars.