SIMBAD references

Super spirals are the most massive star-forming disk galaxies in the universe. We measured rotation curves for 23 massive spirals with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) and found a wide range of fast rotation speeds (240-570 km s^–1), indicating enclosed dynamical masses of (0.6-4) x 10¹²M_☉. Super spirals with mass in stars logM_stars/M_☉> 11.5 break from the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) established for lower-mass galaxies. The BTFR power-law index breaks from 3.75 ± 0.11 to 0.25 ± 0.41 above a rotation speed of ∼340 km s^–1. Super spirals also have very high specific angular momenta that break from the Fall relation. These results indicate that super spirals are undermassive for their dark matter halos, limited to a mass in stars of logM_stars/M_☉< 11.8. Most giant elliptical galaxies also obey this fundamental limit, which corresponds to a critical dark halo mass of logM_halo/M_☉≃12.7. Once a halo reaches this mass, its gas can no longer cool and collapse in a dynamical time. Super spirals survive today in halos as massive as logM_halo/M_☉≃13.6, continuing to form stars from the cold baryons they captured before their halos reached critical mass. The observed high-mass break in the BTFR is inconsistent with the Modified Newtonian Dynamics theory.