SIMBAD references

Classical DQ stars are white dwarfs whose atmospheres contain detectable traces of carbon brought up to the surface by a convective dredge-up process. Intriguingly, unlike other white dwarf spectral classes, DQ stars virtually never show signs of external pollution by elements heavier than carbon. In this Letter, we solve this long-standing problem by showing that the absence of detectable external pollution in DQ stars is naturally explained by the impact of metal accretion on the atmospheric structure of the white dwarf. A DQ star that accretes heavy elements sees its atmospheric density decrease, which leads to a sharp drop in the molecular carbon abundance and a strong suppression of the C₂ Swan bands. We show that a typical DQ star that accretes heavy elements from planetary material generally transforms directly into a DZ star.