SIMBAD references

The quadruple image configurations of gravitational lenses with vanishing ellipticity are examined. Even though such lenses asymptotically approach circularity, the configurations are stable if the position of the source relative to the vanishing diamond caustic is held constant. The configurations are the solutions of a quartic equation, an “asymptotically circular lens equation,” parameterized by a single complex quantity. Several alternative parameterizations are examined. Relative magnifications of the images are derived. When a nonvanishing quadrupole, in the form of an external shear (XS), is added to the singular isothermal sphere (SIS), its configurations emerge naturally as stretched and squeezed versions of the circular configurations. And as the SIS+XS model is a good first approximation for most quadruply lensed quasars, their configurations likewise have only 2 + 1 salient dimensions. The asymptotically circular configurations can easily be adapted to the problem of solar system “occultation flashes.”