SIMBAD references

In the local universe, disk galaxies are generally well evolved and Toomre stable. Their collisions with satellite galaxies naturally produce ring structures, which have been observed and extensively studied. By contrast, at high redshifts, disk galaxies are still developing and clumpy. These young galaxies interact with each other more frequently. However, the products of their collisions remain elusive. Here, we systematically study the minor collisions between a clumpy galaxy and a satellite on orbits with different initial conditions, and find a new structure that is different from the local collisional ring galaxies. The clumpiness of the target galaxy is fine-tuned by the values of Toomre parameter, Q. Interestingly, a thick and knotty ring structure is formed without any sign of a central nucleus in the target galaxy. Our results provide a promising explanation of the empty ring galaxy recently observed in R5519 at redshift z = 2.19. Moreover, we show that the clumpy state of the collided galaxy exists for a much longer timescale compared to isolated self-evolved clumpy galaxies that have been widely investigated.