SIMBAD references

The radius and surface composition of an exploding massive star, as well as the explosion energy per unit mass, can be measured using early ultraviolet (UV) observations of core-collapse supernovae (CC SNe). We present the results from a simultaneous Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) and Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) search for early UV emission from SNe. We analyze five CC SNe for which we obtained near-UV (NUV) measurements before the first ground-based R-band detection. We introduce SOPRANOS, a new maximum likelihood fitting tool for models with variable temporal validity windows, and use it to fit the Sapir & Waxman shock-cooling model to the data. We report four Type II SNe with progenitor radii in the range of R_* ≃ 600-1100 R_☉ and a shock velocity parameter in the range of v_s* ≃ 2700-6000 km s^–1 (E/M ≃ 2-8 x 10⁵⁰ erg/M_☉) and one Type IIb SN with R_* ≃ 210 R_☉ and v_s* ≃ 11,000 km s^–1 (E/M ≃ 1.8 x 10⁵¹ erg/M_☉). Our pilot GALEX/PTF project thus suggests that a dedicated, systematic SN survey in the NUV band, such as the wide-field UV explorer ULTRASAT mission, is a compelling method to study the properties of SN progenitors and SN energetics.