SIMBAD references

The galaxy is found to be in disequilibrium based on recent findings of the north/south (N/S) asymmetry and the phase mixing signatures, such as a phase spiral (snail) structure in the vertical phase space (z - V_z). We show that the N/S asymmetry in a tracer population of dwarfs may be quantitatively modeled with a simple phase snail model superimposed on a smooth equilibrium background. As the phase snail intersects with the z-axis, the number density is enhanced, and the velocity dispersion (σ_z) is decreased relative to the other side of the Galactic plane. Fitting only to the observed asymmetric N/S σ_z profiles, we obtain reasonable parameters for the phase-space snail and the potential utilized in modeling the background, despite the complex dependence of the model on the potential parameters and the significant selection effects of the data. Both the snail shape and the N/S number density difference given by our best-fit model are consistent with previous observations. The equilibrium background implies a local dark matter density of ${0.0151}_{-0.0051}^{+0.0050}$M_⊙ pc^–3. The vertical bulk motion of our model is similar to the observation, but with a ∼1.2 km s^–1 shift. Our work demonstrates the strong correlation between the phase-space snail and the N/S asymmetry. Future observational constraints will facilitate more comprehensive snail models to unravel the Milky Way potential and the perturbation history encoded in the snail feature.