SIMBAD references

We investigated the quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) features in the accretion-powered X-ray pulsar Cen X-3 observed by Insight-HXMT. For two observations in 2020 when Cen X-3 was in an extremely soft state, the power density spectrum revealed the presence of obvious QPO features at ∼40 mHz with an averaged fractional rms amplitude of ∼9 per cent. We study the mHz QPO frequency and rms amplitude over orbital phases, and find that the QPO frequency is ∼33-39 mHz at the orbital phase of 0.1-0.4, increasing to ∼37-43 mHz in the orbital phase of 0.4-0.8, but has no strong dependence on X-ray intensity. We also carried out an energy-dependent QPO analysis, the rms amplitude of the mHz QPOs have a decreasing trend as the energy increases from 2 to 20 keV. In addition, the QPO time-lag analysis shows that the time-delay is ∼20 ms (a hard lag) in the range of ∼5-10 keV, and becomes negative [time-lag of -(20-70) ms] above ∼10 keV. The different QPO theoretical models are summarized and discussed. In the end, we suggest that these energy-dependent timing features as well as the origin of mHz QPOs in Cen X-3 may be ascribed to an instability when the accretion disc is truncated near the corotation radius.