SIMBAD references

We present a time-frequency analysis, based on the Hilbert-Huang transform, of the evolution of the low-frequency quasiperiodic oscillations observed in the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070. Through the empirical mode decomposition method, we decompose the light curve of the quasiperiodic oscillation (QPO) component and measure its intrinsic phase lag between photons from different energy bands. We find that the QPO phase lag is negative (low-energy photons lag behind high-energy photons); meanwhile, the absolute value of the lag increases with energy. By applying the Hilbert transform to the light curve of the QPO, we further extract the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the QPO. Comparing these results with those from the Fourier analysis, we find that the broadening of the QPO peak is mainly caused by frequency modulation. Through further analysis, we find that these modulations could share a common physical origin with the broadband noise, and can be well explained by the internal shock model of the jet.