SIMBAD references

It has recently been claimed that a surprisingly massive black hole (BH) is present in the core of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) Leo I. This finding, based on integral field spectroscopy, challenges the typical expectation that dSphs host intermediate-mass BHs since such a BH would be classified as supermassive. Indeed, the analysis points toward Leo I harboring a BH with a lower mass limit exceeding a few 10⁶ M_⊙ at 1σ, and the no-BH case excluded at 95% significance. Such a mass, which is comparable to the entire stellar mass of the galaxy, makes Leo I a unique system that warrants further investigation. Using equilibrium models based on distribution functions that depend on actions f(J) coupled with the same integral field spectroscopy data and an extensive exploration of a very large parameter space, we demonstrate, within a comprehensive Bayesian model-data comparison framework, that the posterior on the BH mass is flat toward the low-mass end and, thus, that the kinematics of the central galaxy region only imposes an upper limit on the BH mass of few 10⁵ M_⊙ (at 3σ). Such an upper limit indicates that the putative BH of Leo I is at most an intermediate-mass BH, and it is also in line with formation scenarios and expectations from scaling relations at the mass regime of dwarf galaxies.