SIMBAD references

We present determinations of the gas-phase and stellar metallicities of a sample of 65 star-forming galaxies at $z \simeq 3.5$ using rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectroscopy from the VANDELS survey in combination with follow-up rest-frame optical spectroscopy from VLT/KMOS and Keck/MOSFIRE. We infer gas-phase oxygen abundances ($Z_{\mathrm{g}}$; tracing O/H) via strong optical nebular lines and stellar iron abundances ($Z_{\star }$; tracing Fe/H) from full spectral fitting to the FUV continuum. Our sample spans the stellar mass range $8.5 \lt \mathrm{log}(M_{\star }/\mathrm{M}_{\odot }) \lt 10.5$ and shows clear evidence for both a stellar and gas-phase mass-metallicity relation (MZR). We find that our O and Fe abundance estimates both exhibit a similar mass-dependence, such that $\mathrm{Fe/H}\propto M_{\star }^{0.30\pm 0.11}$ and $\mathrm{O/H}\propto M_{\star }^{0.32\pm 0.09}$. At fixed $M_{\star }$ we find that, relative to their solar values, O abundances are systematically larger than Fe abundances (i.e. α-enhancement). We estimate an average enhancement of $\mathrm{(O/Fe)} = 2.65 \pm 0.16 \times \mathrm{(O/Fe)_\odot }$ which appears to be independent of $M_{\star }$. We employ analytic chemical evolution models to place a constraint on the strength of galactic-level outflows via the mass-outflow factor ($\eta$). We show that outflow efficiencies that scale as $\eta \propto M_{\star }^{-0.32}$ can simultaneously explain the functional form of of the stellar and gas-phase MZR, as well as the degree of α-enhancement at fixed Fe/H. Our results add further evidence to support a picture in which α-enhanced abundance ratios are ubiquitous in high-redshift star-forming galaxies, as expected for young systems whose interstellar medium is primarily enriched by core-collapse supernovae.