2025A&A...703A..62M -
Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 703A62 (2025/11-1)
Long-term evolution of the SN 2009ip-like transient SN 2016cvk.
MATILAINEN K.K., KANKARE E., MATTILA S., REGUITTI A., PIGNATA G., BRIMACOMBE J., PASTORELLO A., FRASER M., BRENNAN S.J., ANDERSON J.P., AYALA-INOSTROZA B., CARTIER R., CHARALAMPOPOULOS P., CHEN T.-W., GROMADZKI M., GUTIERREZ C.P., INSERRA C., MULLER-BRAVO T.E., NICHOLL M., PRIETO J.L., RAGOSTA F., REYNOLDS T.M., SALMASO I. and YOUNG D.R.
Abstract (from CDS):
Aims. The interacting transient SN 2016cvk (ASASSN-16jt) is a peculiar SN 2009ip-like event. We present our follow-up data with an aim to draw conclusions on the physical nature of the progenitor system.
Methods. Our spectrophotometric data set of SN 2016cvk covers the ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared wavelength region extending to +1681 d from the light curve peak. In this work, we analysed the data and made comparison with other SN 2009ip-like transients. We note that archival data reveal pre-outbursts of the progenitor with the first detection at -1219 d.
Results. The light-curve evolution of SN 2016cvk consists of two consecutive luminous events A and B, with peak magnitudes of MV < -15.6 and Mr = -18.3 mag, respectively. The spectra are dominated by Balmer emission lines that have a complex, multi-component evolution resembling that of other SN 2009ip-like targets. SN 2016cvk is among the first detected SN 2009ip-like events that show early 'flash ionisation' features of C III, N III, and He II, lasting for 16 ± 5 d. Our late-time +405 d spectrum shows forbidden [Ca II], [Fe II], and [O I] features, with the latter detected particularly clearly for a SN 2009ip-like event.
Conclusions. The evolution of SN 2016cvk is similar to other SN 2009ip-like transients, with some uncommon traits. The lack of a double-peaked structure in the Balmer lines is likely caused by differences in the circumstellar medium structure or viewing angle. The flash features in the early spectra propose abundances consistent with a red, yellow, or blue supergiant progenitor, rather than a luminous blue variable, for example. The detection of [O I] in the +405 d spectrum suggests some possible evidence of nucleosynthesised material generated in a SN explosion.
Abstract Copyright:
© The Authors 2025
Journal keyword(s):
circumstellar matter - stars: massive - supernovae: general - supernovae: individual: SN 2016cvk - supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip
VizieR on-line data:
<Available at CDS (J/A+A/703/A62): photom.dat>
Simbad objects:
18
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