SIMBAD references

2025AJ....170..183H - Astron. J., 170, 183 (2025/September-0)

Scaling K2. VIII. Short-period Sub-Neptune Occurrence Rates Peak Around Early-type M Dwarfs.

HARDEGREE-ULLMAN K.K., BERGSTEN G.J., CHRISTIANSEN J.L., ZINK J.K., BHURE S., BOLEY K.M., FERNANDES R.B., GIACALONE S. and KARPOOR P.R.

Abstract (from CDS):

We uniformly combined data from the NASA Kepler and K2 missions to compute planet occurrence rates across the entire FGK and M-dwarf stellar range. The K2 mission, driven by targets selected by guest observers, monitored nine times more M dwarfs than the Kepler mission. Combined, Kepler and K2 observed 130 short-period (P = 1-40 days) Earth to Neptune-sized candidate planets orbiting M dwarfs. K2 observed 3.5 times more of these planets than Kepler for host stars below 3700 K. Our planet occurrence rates show that short-period sub-Neptunes peak at $375{0}_{-97}^{+153}$ K and drop for cooler M dwarfs. A peak near this location was predicted by pebble accretion planet formation models and confirmed here by observations for the first time. Super-Earths continue to increase in occurrence toward cooler stars and show no clear evidence of a peak in the host star range considered here (3200-6900 K). Our observations provide critical input to further refine planet formation models. We strongly recommend further study of mid-to-late M dwarfs with TESS and soon the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and PLATO to identify additional small planet trends.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Exoplanet systems - Exoplanets - Fundamental parameters of stars

Status at CDS : Large table(s) will be appraised for possible ingestion in VizieR.

Simbad objects: 4

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