SIMBAD references

The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of certain BL Lac objects (BL Lacs) exhibit an additional hard γ-ray component in the TeV energy range that surpasses the predictions of the one-zone leptonic jet model. The origin of this excess emission remains unclear. In this study, we selected five BL Lacs whose SEDs display a very hard intrinsic spectrum in the TeV band and successfully reproduced their broadband SEDs using a two-zone leptohadronic model. Within this framework, the emission observed in the optical, X-ray, GeV γ-ray, and sub-TeV γ-ray bands is modeled using the synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton radiation processes of the relativistic electrons in the jets. Meanwhile, the TeV excess is attributed to γ-ray emission resulting from the photomeson (pγ) process via π⁰ decay occurring within advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs). This scenario requires a hard proton spectrum with a spectral index of p ∼ 1.6-1.7 and a cutoff energy ranging from 30 to 90 TeV, as well as a relatively large ADAF radius. Such hard proton spectra suggest that the dominant acceleration mechanisms are likely magnetic reconnection and/or stochastic acceleration processes within ADAFs. Additionally, the emission from the cascaded electrons results in a bump in the keV-MeV band; however, it is overwhelmed by the jet emission. Although the hadronuclear (pp) process cannot be entirely ruled out, it would necessitate an even harder proton spectrum and a higher cutoff energy compared to the pγ process, making it a less favorable explanation for the observed TeV excess.