SIMBAD references

The Querying Underlying mechanisms of massive star formation with ALMA-Resolved gas Kinematics and Structures (QUARKS) survey observed 139 infrared-bright (IR-bright) massive protoclusters at 1.3 mm wavelength with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). This study investigates clump-to-core fragmentation and searches for candidate high-mass starless cores within IR-bright clumps using combined ALMA 12 m (C-2) and Atacama Compact Array 7 m data, providing ∼1″ (∼0.02 pc at 3.7 kpc) resolution and ∼0.6 mJy beam^–1 continuum sensitivity (∼0.3 M_⊙ at 30 K). We identified 1562 compact cores from 1.3 mm continuum emission using getsf. Observed linear core separations (λ_obs) are significantly less than the thermal Jeans length (λ_J), with the λ_obs/λ_J ratios peaking at ∼0.2. This indicates that thermal Jeans fragmentation has taken place within the IR-bright protocluster clumps studied here. The observed low ratio of λ_obs/λ_J ≪ 1 could be the result of evolving core separation or hierarchical fragmentation. Based on associated signatures of star formation (e.g., outflows and ionized gas), we classified cores into three categories: 127 starless, 971 warm, and 464 evolved cores. Two starless cores have masses exceeding 16 M_⊙, and represent high-mass candidates. The scarcity of such candidates suggests that competitive accretion-type models could be more applicable than turbulent core accretion-type models in high-mass star formation within these IR-bright protocluster clumps.