2025MNRAS.536.3277W -
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 536, 3277-3283 (2025/February-1)
High-resolution studies of the C-band and L-band radio continuum of the periodic methanol maser source G9.62+0.20E and surrounding sources.
WOODE B., HOARE M.G., KUDITCHER A. and GOEDHART S.
Abstract (from CDS):
High-resolution observations of the C-band and L-band radio continuum of the hypercompact H II region $\rm G 9.62$+$\rm 0.20 E$ conducted with the e-MERLIN interferometric array are presented. A flux density of $\rm 2.25 \pm 0.20$ $\rm mJy$ and an angular size of $\rm 127 \pm 22$ $\rm mas$ were measured for the C-band continuum. At L band, an upper limit of $\rm 162$ $\rm \mu Jy$ on the integrated flux density was calculated at the continuum's position. The surrounding sources C and D were detected at levels consistent with previous detections. The results for source E requires a steeper spectrum at L band than previous observations extrapolated from higher frequencies. This can be explained with a truncated inverse square law density distribution model. We obtain a C-band peak brightness temperature of about $\rm {4000\, \rm {K}}$, which assuming an electron temperature of $\rm {10^{4}}$$\rm {K}$ translates to an optical depth of $\rm {0.5}$, indicating the continuum is optically thin at C band going thick at L band. These results therefore place firm constraints on H II region models in source E. The periodic variability of methanol masers, as seen in $\rm G 9.62$+$\rm 0.20 E$, has been explained with the pulsating star, accretion disc, and colliding wind binary models. Some models predict a hypercompact H II region can provide pumping for methanol masers. In the colliding wind binary model context maser variability is attributed to seed photon modulation. Hence, future H II models matching our observations could test predictions of these models in terms of the variability profiles of the $\rm {1.6 \, \rm {GHz}}$$\rm {OH}$ and $\rm {6.7 \, \rm {GHz} }$ methanol masers.
Abstract Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.
Journal keyword(s):
masers - stars: formation - stars: massive - (ISM:) H ii regions - radio continuum: stars
Simbad objects:
7
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