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2025Natur.641.1132X - Nature, 641, 1132-1136 (2025/May-0)

Structured ionized winds shooting out from a quasar at relativistic speeds.

XRISM COLLABORATION, AUDARD M., AWAKI H., BALLHAUSEN R., BAMBA A., BEHAR E., BOISSAY-MALAQUIN R., BRENNEMAN L., BROWN G.V., CORRALES L., COSTANTINI E., CUMBEE R., DIAZ TRIGO M., DONE C., DOTANI T., EBISAWA K., ECKART M., ECKERT D., ENOTO T., EGUCHI S., EZOE Y., FOSTER A., FUJIMOTO R., FUJITA Y., FUKAZAWA Y., FUKUSHIMA K., FURUZAWA A., GALLO L., GARCIA J.A., GU L., GUAINAZZI M., HAGINO K., HAMAGUCHI K., HATSUKADE I., HAYASHI K., HAYASHI T., HELL N., HODGES-KLUCK E., HORNSCHEMEIER A., ICHINOHE Y., ISHIDA M., ISHIKAWA K., ISHISAKI Y., KAASTRA J., KALLMAN T., KARA E., KATSUDA S., KANEMARU Y., KELLEY R., KILBOURNE C., KITAMOTO S., KOBAYASHI S., KOHMURA T., KUBOTA A., LEUTENEGGER M., LOEWENSTEIN M., MAEDA Y., MARKEVITCH M., MATSUMOTO H., MATSUSHITA K., McCAMMON D., McNAMARA B., MERNIER F., MILLER E.D., MILLER J.M., MITSUISHI I., MIZUMOTO M., MIZUNO T., MORI K., MUKAI K., MURAKAMI H., MUSHOTZKY R., NAKAJIMA H., NAKAZAWA K., NESS J.-U., NOBUKAWA K., NOBUKAWA M., NODA H., ODAKA H., OGAWA S., OGORZALEK A., OKAJIMA T., OTA N., PALTANI S., PETRE R., PLUCINSKY P., PORTER F.S., POTTSCHMIDT K., SATO K., SATO T., SAWADA M., SETA H., SHIDATSU M., SIMIONESCU A., SMITH R., SUZUKI H., SZYMKOWIAK A., TAKAHASHI H., TAKEO M., TAMAGAWA T., TAMURA K., TANAKA T., TANIMOTO A., TASHIRO M., TERADA Y., TERASHIMA Y., TSUBOI Y., TSUJIMOTO M., TSUNEMI H., TSURU T.G., UCHIDA H., UCHIDA N., UCHIDA Y., UCHIYAMA H., UEDA Y., UNO S., VINK J., WATANABE S., WILLIAMS B.J., YAMADA S., YAMADA S., YAMAGUCHI H., YAMAOKA K., YAMASAKI N., YAMAUCHI M., YAMAUCHI S., YAQOOB T., YONEYAMA T., YOSHIDA T., YUKITA M., ZHURAVLEVA I., BRAITO V., CONDO P., FUKUMURA K., GONZALEZ A., LUMINARI A., MIYAMOTO A., MIZUKAWA R., REEVES J., SATO R., TOMBESI F. and XU Y.

Abstract (from CDS):

Evidence indicates that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) exist at the centres of most galaxies. Their mass correlates with the galactic bulge mass1, suggesting a coevolution with their host galaxies2, most likely through powerful winds3. X-ray observations have detected highly ionized winds outflowing at sub-relativistic speeds from the accretion disks around SMBHs4,5. However, the limited spectral resolution of present X-ray instruments has left the physical structure and location of the winds poorly understood, hindering accurate estimates of their kinetic power6,7. Here the first X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) observation of the luminous quasar PDS 456 is reported. The high-resolution spectrometer Resolve aboard XRISM enabled the discovery of five discrete velocity components outflowing at 20-30% of the speed of light. This demonstrates that the wind structure is highly inhomogeneous, which probably consists of up to a million clumps. The mass outflow rate is estimated to be 60-300 solar masses per year, with the wind kinetic power exceeding the Eddington luminosity limit. Compared with the galaxy-scale outflows, the kinetic power is more than three orders of magnitude larger, whereas the momentum flux is ten times larger. These estimates disfavour both energy-driven and momentum-driven outflow models. This suggests that such wind activity occurs in less than 10% of the quasar phase and/or that its energy/momentum is not efficiently transferred to the galaxy-scale outflows owing to the clumpiness of the wind and the interstellar medium.


Abstract Copyright: 2025 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

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