SIMBAD references

The polarization of X-ray synchrotron emission in blazars directly probes the magnetic field geometry and particle acceleration processes in relativistic jets. We use particle-in-cell simulations of magnetic reconnection and magnetized turbulence, coupled to polarization-sensitive radiative transfer code, to interpret Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) observations of Mrk 421 during a high flux state recorded in December of 2023. To evaluate the fitness of the two theoretical scenarios, we rely on a quantitative comparison of the statistical properties of simulated and observed X-ray flux and polarization light curves using five evaluation metrics, rather than attempting to fit individual data points. We propose a turbulence-driven multi-zone model where jet emission is represented as the sum of the radiative output of N independent cells, each described by a particle-in-cell simulation. Comparison of ensembles of simulated Stokes-parameter light curves with IXPE data shows that magnetic-reconnection-dominated models provide the best match to the observed X-ray flux and polarization dynamics. The optimal configuration corresponds to N = 15 emitting cells, which reproduces the observed amplitudes and timescales of the X-ray flux and polarization variations. Magnetized turbulence models underpredict both the flux and polarization variability. Our results indicate that a multi-zone, reconnection-powered emission scenario can describe the X-ray polarization behavior of Mrk 421 and establish a quantitative framework for testing theoretical models against IXPE observations of other high-synchrotron-peaked blazars.