1996A&A...309....9B

The evidence for the physical association of close pairs involving bright QSOs with large redshifts and bright nearby galaxies with small redshifts, is reviewed and, in Table 1, a list of the best cases is given. It is shown that in a series of statistical studies using catalogs of QSOs and catalogs of galaxies, very strong correlations of high redshift radio QSOs have been found successively with (o) [a.] The Shapley Ames Catalog of the brightest galaxies. Here the correlation is with powerful radio QSOs with S≥9Jy (0.4GHz). The result is significant at the 7-10σ level. (o) [b.] The Bright Galaxy Catalog (z≤0.05). Here the QSO sample is dominated by radio emitting QSOs, largely identified from the 3CR, Molonglo, Parkes, and 4C radio catalogs. (o) [c.] The galaxies in the Lick Catalog (m≲17, z≲0.2). Again the sample of QSOs is a radio sample. (o) [d.] The IRAS galaxy catalogs, where some fraction of the galaxies may have z up to 0.4, and where a few galaxies may be identical in position with the QSOs, but where the larger fraction have much smaller redshifts than the QSOs. Again the QSO sample is a radio sample. (o) [e.] Finally strong correlations on scales ≲10' have been found between optically bright, high redshift radio loud QSOs and the diffuse X-ray emission seen by ROSAT. Bartelmann et al. (1994) believe that this diffuse X-ray emission is due to galaxy clusters at redshifts significantly less than the observed redshifts of the QSOs.