1999ApJ...522..935G

We present new Fokker-Planck models of the evolution of globular clusters, including gravitational tidal shocks. We extend our calculations beyond the core collapse by adopting three-body binary heating. Effects of the shocks are included by adding the tidal shock diffusion coefficients to the ordinary Fokker-Planck equation: the first-order heating term, <ΔE>, and the second-order energy dispersion term, <ΔE²>. As an example, we investigate the evolution of models for the globular cluster NGC 6254. Using the Hipparcos proper motions, we are now able to construct orbits of this cluster in the Galaxy. Tidal shocks accelerate significantly both core collapse and the evaporation of the cluster and shorten the destruction time from 24 to 18 Gyr. We examine various types of adiabatic corrections and find that they are critical for accurate calculation of the evolution. Without adiabatic corrections, the destruction time of the cluster is twice as short. We examine cluster evolution for a wide range of the concentration and tidal shock parameters and determine the region of the parameter space where tidal shocks dominate the evolution. We present fitting formulae for the core collapse time and the destruction time, covering all reasonable initial conditions. In the limit of strong shocks, the typical value of the core collapse time decreases from 10t_rh to 3t_rh or less, while the destruction time is just twice that number. The effects of tidal shocks are rapidly self-limiting: as clusters lose mass and become more compact, the importance of the shocks diminishes. This implies that tidal shocks were more important in the past.