2001ApJ...554..667P

We model the radio, optical, and X-ray emission for the afterglows of GRB 980703, GRB 990123, GRB 990510, and GRB 991216, within the framework of relativistic jets, to determine their physical parameters. The models that yield acceptable fits to the data have jet energies mostly between 10⁵⁰ and 10⁵¹ ergs and initial opening angles between 1° and 4°. The external medium density is uncertain by at least 1 order of magnitude in each case, being around 10^–3 cm^–3 for GRB 980703 and GRB 990123, ∼10^–1 cm^–3 for GRB 990510, and ∼3 cm^–3 for GRB 991216. If the jets are uniform (i.e., there are no angular gradients of the energy per solid angle), then the 20 keV-1 MeV radiative efficiency during the GRB phase must have been at least 2%-3% for GRB 990510, 20% for GRB 990123, and 30% for GRB 991216.