2002ApJ...567.1131M

Ground-based interferometry has finally reached a stage in which accurate determination of Cepheid diameters using the Baade-Wesselink method is feasible. Determining these diameters is the basis for calibrating the period-luminosity relation for classical Cepheids, and thus the extragalactic distance scale, but requires accurate limb-darkened models. This work presents a new method to compute time- and wavelength-dependent center-to-limb brightness distributions for classical Cepheids. Our model atmospheres are based on second-order accurate one-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations performed in spherical geometry. The brightness intensity distributions and the resulting limb darkening are computed through the dynamic atmospheres by using a full set of atomic and molecular opacities. Our results confirm important differences with respect to equivalent hydrostatic models. The amount of limb darkening and the shape of the limb profiles show a strong dependence on the pulsational phase of the Cepheid, which cannot be reproduced by static models. Nonlinear effects in our hydrodynamic equations add a new level of complexity in the wavelength dependence of our limb profiles, which are affected by the presence of shock waves traveling through the atmosphere. These effects, already detectable by present-day interferometers, should be taken into consideration when deriving limb-darkened diameters for nearby Cepheids with the accuracy required to measure their radial pulsations.