2003ApJ...595L...9P

Query : 2003ApJ...595L...9P

2003ApJ...595L...9P - Astrophys. J., 595, L9-L12 (2003/September-3)

The age-metallicity relation of the Universe in neutral gas: the first 100 damped Lyα systems.

PROCHASKA J.X., GAWISER E., WOLFE A.M., CASTRO S. and DJORGOVSKI S.G.

Abstract (from CDS):

We discuss accurate metallicity measurements for 125 damped Lyα (DLA) systems at 0.5<z<5, including ~50 new measurements from our recently published Echellette Spectrograph and Imager surveys. This data set is analyzed to determine the age-metallicity relation of neutral gas in the universe. Contrary to previous analyses, this sample shows statistically significant evolution in the cosmic mean metallicity. The best linear fit for metallicity evolution is -0.26±0.07 dex per unit redshift. The DLA systems continue to maintain a floor in metallicity of ~1/700 solar, independent of observational effects. This metallicity threshold limits the prevalence of primordial gas in high-redshift galaxies and stresses the correspondence between damped systems and star formation. Finally, we comment on an apparent ``missing metals problem:'' the mean metallicity of the damped systems is ~10 times lower than the value expected from their inferred star formation history. This problem is evident in current theoretical treatments of galaxy formation and may indicate a serious flaw in our understanding of the interplay between star formation and metal enrichment.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): Galaxies: Abundances - Galaxies: ISM - Galaxies: Quasars: Absorption Lines

Nomenclature: Table 1: [PGW2003b] QSO JHHMM+DDMM abs N.NNN N=6 are new.

Simbad objects: 106

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Number of rows : 106
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 LBQS 2359-0216B QSO 00 01 49.9509602856 -01 59 39.455306448   18 18.0     ~ 112 0
2 QSO J0003-2603 QSO 00 03 22.9531962024 -26 03 18.304471908   18 17.53     ~ 293 0
3 QSO J0006-6208 QSO 00 06 51.6236518800 -62 08 03.569781336     18.29     ~ 41 0
4 QSO J0007+2417 QSO 00 07 38.6226394608 +24 17 24.835551000     18.69     ~ 14 0
5 LBQS 0010-0012 QSO 00 13 06.1519752552 +00 04 31.948605732   19.29 19.05     ~ 102 0
6 LBQS 0013-0029 QSO 00 16 02.4050159808 -00 12 25.077257064   18.67 18.36     ~ 198 0
7 QSO B0019-1522 QSO 00 22 08.0390087400 -15 05 39.983288316     19.0     ~ 59 0
8 QSO B0058-292 QSO 01 01 04.6496114136 -28 58 01.682742576     18.7     ~ 46 0
9 PHL 957 QSO 01 03 11.2741573824 +13 16 17.809871484   16.97 16.57     ~ 350 0
10 QSO J0105-1846 QSO 01 05 16.7912097864 -18 46 41.986634736     18.3     ~ 80 0
11 QSO B0112+03 QSO 01 14 53.2286036664 +03 14 56.953353696     18.6     ~ 62 2
12 QSO B0112-30 QSO 01 15 04.8742901280 -30 25 14.952952308           ~ 50 1
13 QSO J0127-0045 QSO 01 27 00.6906783576 -00 45 59.149137528   19.95 18.95     ~ 56 0
14 QSO J0133+0400 QSO 01 33 40.3265690928 +04 00 59.844453768     18.30     ~ 74 0
15 QSO J0134+3307 QSO 01 34 21.4863198144 +33 07 56.378382420     18.80     ~ 37 0
16 QSO J0137-2707 QSO 01 37 54.5560896408 -27 07 36.616431864   18.6       ~ 24 0
17 6C 014940+333547 QSO 01 52 34.5766588080 +33 50 33.159720264   18.5 18.5     ~ 134 1
18 QSO B0201+113 Bla 02 03 46.65705710 +11 34 45.4094619   19.5 19.5 19.41   ~ 216 1
19 7C 020156.39+363507.00 QSO 02 04 55.5959081688 +36 49 17.992097868     18.1     ~ 127 1
20 QSO J0209+0517 QSO 02 09 44.6218858992 +05 17 13.727761872     17.80     ~ 60 0
21 QSO B0216+0803 QSO 02 18 57.3582544488 +08 17 27.346030260     18.1     ~ 94 0
22 QSO J0235+1615 QSO 02 35 56.8839609768 +16 15 24.345385776           ~ 10 1
23 QSO B0252-0005 QSO 02 55 13.0345513296 +00 06 39.427249716   19.59 19.49     ~ 55 0
24 QSO J0255+0048 QSO 02 55 18.5784341184 +00 48 47.540744316   21.15 20.00     ~ 84 0
25 QSO J0304-2211 QSO 03 04 49.8652311288 -22 11 51.882127548   16.43 16.40     ~ 111 0
26 QSO J0307-4945 QSO 03 07 22.8949808808 -49 45 48.274545240     18.76     ~ 69 0
27 QSO B0336-017 Bla 03 39 00.98616588 -01 33 17.6076051   20.1 19.1 18.8   ~ 121 2
28 QSO B0347-383 QSO 03 49 43.6603590912 -38 10 30.825444900     17.3     ~ 196 0
29 QSO J0407-4410 QSO 04 07 18.0880236912 -44 10 13.983623724   17.6 17.6     ~ 103 1
30 QSO B0424-2209 QSO 04 26 10.3253549256 -22 02 17.793957984     17.94     ~ 37 0
31 QSO B0454+0356 Bla 04 56 47.1747907776 +04 00 52.946102484   16.76 16.53 16.26   ~ 247 1
32 4C -02.19 Bla 05 01 12.80988538 -01 59 14.2564557   19.1 18.06 19.04   ~ 624 1
33 QSO B0528-2505 Bla 05 30 07.9627395840 -25 03 29.900044512   18.17 17.34 17.7   ~ 429 1
34 QSO B0551-36 QSO 05 52 46.1824785360 -36 37 27.608212524   17.72 17.57     ~ 98 0
35 QSO J0745+4734 QSO 07 45 21.7878198936 +47 34 36.191801820   16.76 16.44     ~ 103 0
36 QSO J0747+2739 QSO 07 47 11.1466907592 +27 39 03.365989812     17.20     ~ 74 0
37 QSO B0805+5224 QSO 08 08 49.4238903240 +52 15 15.242663556   21.79 20.40     ~ 58 0
38 QSO J0812+32 QSO 08 12 40.6859242632 +32 08 08.579336496   18.16 17.75     ~ 106 0
39 QSO B0836+1122 QSO 08 39 32.9958412872 +11 12 06.594966828     18.8     ~ 93 0
40 QSO B0841+129 BLL 08 44 24.2445546984 +12 45 46.526286780   18.28 18.5     ~ 121 0
41 9C J0933+2845 QSO 09 33 37.2819249600 +28 45 32.315668668   19.63 17.94 17.50   ~ 83 1
42 US 796 QSO 09 38 57.0175740480 +41 28 21.216772452   16.94 16.75     ~ 144 1
43 US 987 QSO 09 48 35.9613489240 +43 23 02.600924892   18.54 18.37     ~ 57 0
44 QSO B0951-0450 QSO 09 53 55.7485789920 -05 04 18.968856168     19.0     ~ 61 0
45 QSO B0952-0115 QSO 09 55 00.1037541106 -01 30 06.549307797     18.7     ~ 150 0
46 QSO B0953+47 QSO 09 56 25.1645972520 +47 34 42.468198132     19.47     ~ 66 1
47 QSO B0957+33 QSO 09 57 44.4641685312 +33 08 20.768397468   20.70 19.42     ~ 66 0
48 6C 100542+363832 QSO 10 08 41.2336002792 +36 23 19.347154440   18.55 18.17     ~ 53 1
49 QSO J1021+3001 QSO 10 21 56.5562383920 +30 01 40.456636248     17.48     ~ 56 0
50 QSO B1036-2257 QSO 10 39 09.5068714968 -23 13 26.396602392   18.0 18.0     ~ 46 0
51 QSO J1057+4555 QSO 10 57 56.2610108784 +45 55 53.070401748   20.19 18.80 17.2 16.8 ~ 118 0
52 QSO B1104-181 QSO 11 06 33.3845199936 -18 21 23.829049296   15.8 15.9 15.7   ~ 338 1
53 QSO B1108-07 QSO 11 11 13.600 -08 04 02.00     18.10     ~ 85 0
54 QSO B1117-1329 QSO 11 20 10.3163354592 -13 46 25.946998500     18.00     ~ 59 0
55 QSO B1122-168 QSO 11 24 42.8658917592 -17 05 17.389038732   16.5 16.5 16.1   ~ 132 1
56 QSO B1132+2243 QSO 11 35 08.0964488976 +22 27 15.600908232   17.7       ~ 52 0
57 QSO B1157+014 QSO 11 59 44.8278142392 +01 12 06.985999764   17.87 17.52     ~ 228 1
58 QSO B1202-074 QSO 12 05 23.1360370080 -07 42 32.759842896     17.5     ~ 389 5
59 QSO B1209+0919 QSO 12 11 34.9526605296 +09 02 20.852132964   19.61 19.15     ~ 107 0
60 LBQS 1210+1731 QSO 12 13 03.0135468360 +17 14 23.237180160   18.21 18.03     ~ 91 0
61 QSO J1217+3305 Bla 12 17 32.5421411376 +33 05 38.030803980     17.5 17.7   ~ 122 1
62 LBQS 1223+1753 QSO 12 26 07.1946195816 +17 36 49.921603812   18.93 18.59     ~ 115 0
63 LBQS 1232+0815 QSO 12 34 37.5514444464 +07 58 43.367750796     18.4     ~ 128 0
64 QSO J1248+3110 QSO 12 48 20.2099865544 +31 10 43.304516364   22.27 21.06     ~ 41 0
65 QSO J1253-0228 QSO 12 53 36.3528737088 -02 28 07.744660284     18.80     ~ 42 0
66 3C 286 Sy1 13 31 08.2883506368 +30 30 32.960091564   17.51 17.25     ~ 4558 2
67 QSO B1331+170 Bla 13 33 35.7827544072 +16 49 04.013500728   16.84 16.71 16.41   ~ 469 1
68 QSO B1337+11 QSO 13 40 02.5419344664 +11 06 30.181521168     18.7     ~ 120 0
69 QSO B1346-033 QSO 13 49 16.6595971512 -03 37 15.649009140   21.23 19.91     ~ 40 0
70 QSO B1354-174 Bla 13 57 06.07420758 -17 44 01.9049954   19 19 18   ~ 93 1
71 7C 1354+2552 QSO 13 57 06.5354509152 +25 37 24.494694024   19.13 18.93     ~ 101 1
72 QSO B1409+0930 QSO 14 12 17.2929417480 +09 16 24.707943048     18.6     ~ 65 0
73 QSO B1425+606 QSO 14 26 56.1849081360 +60 25 50.813373324   16.82 16.54     ~ 148 0
74 QSO J1432+3940 QSO 14 32 24.7687190352 +39 40 24.541195152   23.01 21.19     ~ 46 0
75 QSO J1443+2724 QSO 14 43 31.1697928632 +27 24 36.768781008     19.3     ~ 94 0
76 QSO B1451+123 QSO 14 54 18.5811696336 +12 10 53.897535696     18.6     ~ 88 0
77 QSO J1502+4837 QSO 15 02 26.8997425752 +48 37 11.336800512   19.58 19.28 18.24   ~ 47 1
78 QSO J1506+5220 QSO 15 06 54.5506795824 +52 20 04.744002588   21.72 20.14     ~ 57 0
79 QSO J1535+2943 QSO 15 35 53.8007550912 +29 43 13.680850512   22.17 20.48     ~ 39 0
80 4C 23.43 Bla 16 24 39.0838297968 +23 45 12.223370412   17.91 17.47     ~ 343 1
81 QSO J1715+3809 QSO 17 15 39.4554152376 +38 09 09.936798876     18.56     ~ 19 1
82 QSO J1723+2243 QSO 17 23 23.1074068680 +22 43 57.140264100     18.17     ~ 42 0
83 QSO J1737+5828 QSO 17 37 44.8816610544 +58 28 29.588650716   25.47 22.95     ~ 52 0
84 QSO B1759+7539 BLL 17 57 46.3590423768 +75 39 16.181909928     16.50     ~ 90 0
85 QSO J1802+5616 QSO 18 02 48.8363975640 +56 16 50.442963780     18.30     ~ 25 0
86 LBQS 2138-4427 QSO 21 41 59.5007724552 -44 13 25.930211268   19.17 18.20     ~ 70 1
87 QSO J2155+1358 QSO 21 55 02.0017063296 +13 58 25.712205816     18.00     ~ 50 0
88 LBQS 2206-1958A QSO 22 08 52.0729138920 -19 43 59.866776948   17.49 17.33     ~ 223 0
89 [MFF2004] DLAg2206-19 G 22 08 52.1019 -19 43 58.456           ~ 19 0
90 QSO B2206-1959 QSO 22 09 00.6950774976 -19 44 19.743416484     18.65     ~ 85 0
91 QSO B2223+20 QSO 22 25 36.9183374016 +20 40 15.316288356     18.60     ~ 29 1
92 LBQS 2230+0232 QSO 22 32 35.2154152488 +02 47 55.814764596   18.387 18.038     ~ 98 0
93 LBQS 2230-0015 QSO 22 34 08.9971751592 +00 00 01.703853180   18.09 17.39 17.3   ~ 142 0
94 QSO B2237-0607 QSO 22 39 53.6812264896 -05 52 19.996061772     18.3     ~ 120 0
95 QSO J2241+1352 QSO 22 41 47.7573429024 +13 52 02.741146356   22.20 20.66     ~ 52 0
96 QSO J2246-6015 QSO 22 47 08.9258659440 -60 15 45.299400480           ~ 74 0
97 QSO J2315+0921 QSO 23 15 59.1311325480 +09 21 43.180860096     19.10     ~ 15 0
98 QSO B2314-409 Bla 23 16 46.91990359 -40 41 21.0863175   17.9 17.9     ~ 76 1
99 QSO J2323+2758 QSO 23 23 40.9006391448 +27 58 01.198261056     18.51     ~ 18 0
100 QSO B2332-094 QSO 23 34 46.4045250120 -09 08 12.250650732   19.21 18.62 18.07   ~ 89 1
101 QSO J2344+0342 QSO 23 44 03.1101598920 +03 42 26.725817304     18.20     ~ 51 0
102 QSO B2342+3417 QSO 23 44 51.2526572424 +34 33 48.696770052     19.1     ~ 67 1
103 QSO B2343+125 QSO 23 46 28.200 +12 49 00.00     17.5     ~ 143 2
104 QSO B2344+125 QSO 23 46 32.80 +12 45 40.0     17.0     ~ 88 1
105 QSO B2348-0108 QSO 23 50 57.8771296800 -00 52 09.886281492   19.23 18.77 18.7   ~ 152 0
106 QSO B2348-147 BLL 23 51 29.8153792680 -14 27 56.840819544     16.9     ~ 81 1

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