2004ApJ...609..482K

Hierarchical cold dark matter (CDM) models predict that Milky Way-sized halos contain several hundred dense low-mass dark matter satellites (the substructure), an order of magnitude more than the number of observed satellites in the Local Group. If the CDM paradigm is correct, this prediction implies that the Milky Way and Andromeda are filled with numerous dark halos. To understand why these halos failed to form stars and become galaxies, we need to understand their history. We analyze the dynamical evolution of the substructure halos in a high-resolution cosmological simulation of Milky Way-sized halos in the ΛCDM cosmology. We find that about 10% of the substructure halos with the present masses ≲10⁸-10⁹ M_☉(circular velocities V_m≲30 km/s) had considerably larger masses and circular velocities when they formed at redshifts z≳2. After the initial period of mass accretion in isolation, these objects experience dramatic mass loss because of tidal stripping. Our analysis shows that strong tidal interaction is often caused by actively merging massive neighboring halos, even before the satellites are accreted by their host halo. These results can explain how the smallest dwarf spheroidal galaxies of the Local Group were able to build up a sizable stellar mass in their seemingly shallow potential wells. We propose a new model in which all the luminous dwarf spheroidals in the Local Group are descendants of the relatively massive (≳10⁹ M_☉) high-redshift systems, in which the gas could cool efficiently by atomic line emission, and which were not significantly affected by the extragalactic ultraviolet radiation. We present a simple galaxy formation model based on the trajectories extracted from the simulation, which accounts for the bursts of star formation after strong tidal shocks and the inefficiency of gas cooling in halos with virial temperatures T_vir≲10⁴ K. Our model reproduces the abundance, spatial distribution, and morphological segregation of the observed Galactic satellites. The results are insensitive to the redshift of reionization.