2004ApJ...609..710D

Query : 2004ApJ...609..710D

2004ApJ...609..710D - Astrophys. J., 609, 710-727 (2004/July-2)

The discovery of quasi-soft and supersoft sources in external galaxies.

DI STEFANO R. and KONG A.K.H.

Abstract (from CDS):

We apply a uniform procedure to select very soft sources from point sources observed by Chandra in four galaxies. This sample includes one elliptical galaxy (NGC 4967), two face-on spiral galaxies (M101 and M83), and an interacting galaxy (M51). We report on some intriguing results, including the following:
(1.) We have found very soft X-ray sources (VSSs) in every galaxy. Some of these fit the criteria for canonical supersoft sources (SSSs), while others are somewhat harder. These latter have characteristic values of kT≲300 eV; we refer to them as quasi-soft sources (QSSs). We found a combined total of 149 VSSs in the four galaxies we considered; 77 were SSSs and 72 were QSSs.
(2.) The data are consistent with the existence of a large VSS population, most of whose members we cannot observe because of the effects of distance and obscuration. The total VSS population of sources with L>1037 ergs/s in each galaxy could be on the order of 1000.
(3.) Whereas in M31 only ∼10% of all X-ray sources detected by Chandra are VSSs, more than 35% of all detectable X-ray sources in the face-on galaxy M101 fit the phenomenological definition of VSSs. This difference may be due to differences in NHbetween typical lines of sight to sources in each galaxy.
(4.) SSSs can be super-Eddington for Chandrasekhar-mass objects.
(5.) We find evidence for SSSs and QSSs with luminosities of 1036ergs/s<L<1037ergs/s. These sources have luminosities lower than those of the ∼30 soft sources used to establish the class of SSSs.
(6.) In the spiral galaxies M101, M83, and M51, a large fraction of the SSSs and QSSs appear to be associated with the spiral arms. This may indicate that some SSSs are young systems, possibly younger than 108 yr.
(7.) In addition to finding hot white dwarfs and soft X-ray binaries, our method should also be efficient at selecting supernova remnants (SNRs). A small fraction of the VSSs in the spiral arms of M101 appear to be associated with SNRs.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): Black Hole Physics - Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M51 - Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M83 - Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M101 - Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 4697 - ISM: Supernova Remnants - Stars: White Dwarfs - X-Rays: Binaries - X-Rays: Galaxies

Nomenclature: Table 1: [DK2003] M101-NNN N=37 added among (Nos 2-116). Table 2: [DK2003] M83-NNN N=44 added among (Nos 1-127). Table 3: [DK2003] M51-NN N=20 added among (Nos 5-70).

CDS comments: In Abstract : NGC 4967 is a misprint for NGC 4697. Table 4: Sources in NGC 4697 are [SIB2001] in SIMBAD.

Simbad objects: 155

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Number of rows : 155
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 M 31 AGN 00 42 44.330 +41 16 07.50 4.86 4.36 3.44     ~ 13622 1
2 RX J0059.2-7138 HXB 00 59 12.7444006824 -71 38 44.962383408   14.07 14.01 14.36   B1-B1.5II-III 90 0
3 NAME Magellanic Clouds GrG 03 00 -71.0           ~ 7988 0
4 CXOU J124819.6-054733 X 12 48 19.60 -05 47 33.3           ~ 2 0
5 [CHP2004] J124824.2-054817 X 12 48 24.18 -05 48 16.8           ~ 3 0
6 [CHP2004] J124825.5-054810 X 12 48 25.51 -05 48 08.8           ~ 4 0
7 [CHP2004] J124828.7-055026 X 12 48 28.75 -05 50 25.8           ~ 3 0
8 [CHP2004] J124831.0-054829 LXB 12 48 31.1044186128 -05 48 28.680745824           ~ 5 1
9 [CHP2004] J124833.0-054615 X 12 48 33.00 -05 46 14.3           ~ 4 0
10 [CHP2004] J124833.3-054803 X 12 48 33.35 -05 48 02.2           ~ 3 0
11 CXOU J124834.4-055014 GlC 12 48 34.4 -05 50 14           ~ 4 0
12 [CHP2004] J124834.5-054750 X 12 48 34.54 -05 47 49.3           ~ 4 0
13 [CHP2004] J124835.4-054755 X 12 48 35.40 -05 47 54.5           ~ 3 0
14 NGC 4697 GiG 12 48 35.8981498824 -05 48 02.482374564   10.97   9.83   ~ 895 0
15 CXOU J124836.0-054803 X 12 48 36.06 -05 48 03.0           ~ 2 0
16 [CHP2004] J124836.2-054816 X 12 48 36.23 -05 48 15.9           ~ 3 0
17 CXOU J124836.6-054801 X 12 48 36.60 -05 48 01.9           ~ 2 0
18 CXOU J124837.0-054753 X 12 48 37.05 -05 47 53.4           ~ 2 0
19 [CHP2004] J124837.2-054759 X 12 48 37.17 -05 47 58.8           ~ 4 0
20 [CHP2004] J124838.9-054732 X 12 48 38.9 -05 47 31           ~ 2 0
21 [FAB2017] NGC4697 S27 GlC 12 48 40.8708045600 -05 48 22.870825740           ~ 5 0
22 [CHP2004] J124841.3-054820 X 12 48 41.27 -05 48 19.4           ~ 4 0
23 [CHP2004] J124841.4-054603 X 12 48 41.43 -05 46 02.9           ~ 4 0
24 [DK2003] M51-5 X 13 29 38.1 +47 16 12           ~ 1 0
25 ZTF J132938.64+471336.0 HXB 13 29 38.6501934504 +47 13 36.098195376 16.744 16.216 15.295 14.733 14.153 G9 12 0
26 [DK2003] M51-10 X 13 29 39.9 +47 12 36           ~ 1 0
27 RX J132943+47115 UX? 13 29 43.31 +47 11 34.8   23.20 24.01   25.50 ~ 32 1
28 [DK2003] M51-14 HXB 13 29 44.10 +47 11 56.5           ~ 4 0
29 [DK2003] M51-17 X 13 29 45.9 +47 10 55           ~ 1 0
30 [DK2003] M51-22 HXB 13 29 50.13 +47 14 19.7           ~ 4 0
31 [DK2003] M51-23 HXB 13 29 50.39 +47 13 22.8           ~ 4 0
32 [TA91] 5 HII 13 29 52.11 +47 12 13.0           ~ 4 0
33 M 51 Sy2 13 29 52.698 +47 11 42.93   9.26 8.36 8.40   ~ 4565 4
34 [DK2003] M51-32 HXB 13 29 53.56 +47 11 26.4           ~ 5 0
35 [DK2003] M51-37 HXB 13 29 54.39 +47 11 21.6           ~ 5 0
36 [DK2003] M51-41 HXB 13 29 55.15 +47 10 42.5           ~ 4 0
37 [DK2003] M51-42 HXB 13 29 55.45 +47 11 43.7           ~ 6 0
38 2MASS J13295551+4714013 SFR 13 29 55.5616119384 +47 14 01.991933520           ~ 5 0
39 [KLK2016] X279 SFR 13 29 55.87 +47 11 44.6           ~ 7 0
40 [DK2003] M51-45 HXB 13 29 56.10 +47 13 50.8           ~ 4 0
41 [DK2003] M51-57 HXB 13 30 02.10 +47 12 38.4           ~ 5 0
42 [CHP2004] J133002.4+471239 X 13 30 02.3 +47 12 38           ~ 3 0
43 [DK2003] M51-59 HXB 13 30 04.09 +47 10 03.6           ~ 5 0
44 [DK2003] M51-60 HXB 13 30 04.47 +47 10 31.7           ~ 5 0
45 [DK2003] M51-62 X 13 30 05.7 +47 10 31           ~ 1 0
46 CXOM51 J133006.0+471404 HXB 13 30 06.02 +47 14 04.6           ~ 4 0
47 [DK2003] M51-70 X 13 30 20.9 +47 13 53           ~ 1 0
48 [LKB2014] X019 SNR 13 36 40.87 -29 51 17.8           ~ 9 0
49 CXOU J133648.2-295244 SNR 13 36 48.2951660544 -29 52 45.038057484           ~ 11 0
50 CXOU J133649.8-295217 SNR 13 36 49.80 -29 52 17.2           ~ 12 0
51 CXOU J133650.8-295240 SNR 13 36 50.8916745024 -29 52 40.037233440           ~ 12 0
52 CXOU J133650.9-295226 SNR 13 36 50.96 -29 52 25.8           ~ 10 0
53 CXOU J133651.1-295043 SNR 13 36 51.19 -29 50 42.3           ~ 12 0
54 CXOU J133652.8-295231 SNR 13 36 52.83 -29 52 31.5           ~ 8 0
55 CXOU J133653.1-295325 SNR 13 36 53.2539551438 -29 53 25.158321991           ~ 12 0
56 CXOU J133653.2-295242 SNR 13 36 53.29 -29 52 42.5           ~ 11 0
57 [LKB2014] X110 SNR 13 36 53.61 -29 56 00.9           ~ 8 0
58 CXOU J133653.9-294848 SNR 13 36 53.89 -29 48 48.4           ~ 12 0
59 CXOU J133654.1-295209 SNR 13 36 54.14 -29 52 09.4           ~ 10 0
60 CXOU J133655.0-295239 SNR 13 36 55.03 -29 52 39.4           ~ 12 0
61 CXOU J133655.0-295304 SNR 13 36 55.06 -29 53 04.6           ~ 10 0
62 [DK2003] M83-128 X 13 36 57.7 -29 53 53           ~ 2 0
63 CXOU J133657.8-295303 SNR 13 36 57.88 -29 53 02.8           ~ 13 0
64 CXOU J133658.7-295100 SNR 13 36 58.71 -29 51 00.6           ~ 10 0
65 CXOU J133659.1-295336 SNR 13 36 59.09 -29 53 36.2           ~ 9 0
66 CXOU J133659.3-295508 SNR 13 36 59.33 -29 55 08.8           ~ 11 0
67 CXOU J133659.5-295203 SNR 13 36 59.51 -29 52 04.0           ~ 15 0
68 CXOU J133659.8-295525 SNR 13 36 59.83 -29 55 26.0           ~ 10 0
69 CXOU J133700.0-295417 SNR 13 37 00.01 -29 54 17.1           ~ 10 0
70 CXOU J133700.2-295206 SNR 13 37 00.22 -29 52 06.5           ~ 8 0
71 CXOU J133700.3-295205 SNR 13 37 00.33 -29 52 05.5           ~ 9 0
72 CXOU J133700.4-295054 SNR 13 37 00.3954138792 -29 50 54.881842704           ~ 8 0
73 SN 1968L SN* 13 37 00.42 -29 51 59.8   12.0 12.0     SNIIP 83 1
74 CXOU J133700.5-295156 HXB 13 37 00.48 -29 51 55.9           ~ 6 0
75 CXOU J133700.6-295159 X 13 37 00.65 -29 51 59.5           ~ 4 0
76 CXOU J133700.6-295204 HXB 13 37 00.69 -29 52 04.3           ~ 6 0
77 M 83 SBG 13 37 00.91920 -29 51 56.7400 8.85 8.11 7.52 7.21   ~ 2778 2
78 CXOU J133701.0-295056 SNR 13 37 01.03 -29 50 56.5           ~ 11 0
79 [DK2003] M83-54 X 13 37 01.17 -29 54 49.2           ~ 8 0
80 CXOU J133701.6-295201 SNR 13 37 01.61 -29 52 02.2           ~ 8 0
81 CXOU J133701.6-295410 SNR 13 37 01.67 -29 54 10.0           ~ 10 0
82 CXOU J133701.7-295113 SNR 13 37 01.7612330424 -29 51 14.201463204           ~ 13 0
83 CXOU J133702.4-295126 SNR 13 37 02.4222383112 -29 51 26.583189840           ~ 17 0
84 CXOU J133703.0-294945 SNR 13 37 03.02 -29 49 45.5           ~ 11 0
85 [DK2003] M83-73 X 13 37 04.56 -29 51 07.8           ~ 4 0
86 CXOU J133706.0-295514 SNR 13 37 06.02 -29 55 14.4           ~ 13 0
87 CXOU J133706.1-295444 SNR 13 37 06.17 -29 54 44.2           ~ 11 0
88 CXOU J133706.5-295416 X 13 37 06.54 -29 54 16.0           ~ 4 0
89 CXOU J133707.1-295202 SNR 13 37 07.0246225824 -29 52 01.467634404           ~ 5 0
90 CXOU J133707.0-295320 SNR 13 37 07.07 -29 53 20.9           ~ 10 0
91 CXOU J133707.4-295133 SNR 13 37 07.48 -29 51 33.4           ~ 13 0
92 CXOU J133707.5-294859 SNR 13 37 07.52 -29 48 59.4           ~ 6 0
93 CXOU J133708.2-294916 XB* 13 37 08.19 -29 49 16.8           ~ 5 0
94 CXOU J133708.3-295126 X 13 37 08.37 -29 51 26.2           ~ 3 0
95 CXOU J133708.5-295135 SNR 13 37 08.57 -29 51 35.0           ~ 12 0
96 CXOU J133711.9-295215 SNR 13 37 11.88 -29 52 15.5           ~ 12 0
97 CXOU J133712.1-295056 SNR 13 37 12.06 -29 50 57.1           ~ 10 0
98 CXOU J133712.7-295201 X 13 37 12.74 -29 52 01.3           ~ 3 0
99 [LKB2014] X368 SNR 13 37 12.81 -29 50 12.3           ~ 11 0
100 CXOU J133717.2-295153 SNR 13 37 17.21 -29 51 53.3           ~ 12 0
101 CXOU J133717.4-295154 SNR 13 37 17.40 -29 51 54.0           ~ 10 0
102 [DK2003] M101-1 X 14 02 48.8 +54 20 34           ~ 1 0
103 [DK2003] M101-2 HII 14 02 49.1 +54 18 42           ~ 2 0
104 2CXO J140249.6+541959 HXB 14 02 49.65175 +54 19 59.6413           ~ 4 0
105 [DK2003] M101-5 SNR 14 02 51.7 +54 19 33           ~ 1 0
106 [CHP2004] J140252.1+541947 X 14 02 52.1 +54 19 47           ~ 2 0
107 2MASS J14025336+5418560 HXB 14 02 53.3303720568 +54 18 55.999324188           ~ 4 0
108 [CHP2004] J140257.1+541948 X 14 02 57.0 +54 19 48           ~ 2 0
109 [CHP2004] J140257.0+542234 X 14 02 57.1 +54 22 33           ~ 2 0
110 2CXO J140259.4+542042 HXB 14 02 59.44629 +54 20 42.6690   25.76 26.39   25.35 ~ 5 0
111 2CXO J140300.5+542002 HXB 14 03 00.50393 +54 20 02.2736   24.67 24.74   24.45 ~ 9 1
112 2CXO J140300.7+542017 HXB 14 03 00.79556 +54 20 17.2778           ~ 4 0
113 2CXO J140301.1+542341 HXB 14 03 01.220 +54 23 41.41   24.04 23.90   23.63 ~ 6 0
114 2CXO J140301.3+542133 HXB 14 03 01.31889 +54 21 33.2671   25.68 24.81   23.1 ~ 4 0
115 [CHP2004] J140302.6+542417 X 14 03 02.5 +54 24 16           ~ 3 0
116 CXOU J140304.7+542037 HXB 14 03 04.6 +54 20 37           ~ 2 0
117 2CXO J140304.7+541924 HXB 14 03 04.74069 +54 19 24.5655   20.44 20.29   19.91 ~ 4 0
118 2CXO J140305.2+542311 HXB 14 03 05.28654 +54 23 11.5417   28.21 27.75   24.08 ~ 4 0
119 2CXO J140308.0+542123 HXB 14 03 08.01444 +54 21 23.1328   23.22 23.20   23.03 ~ 5 0
120 [CHP2004] J140308.5+542058 X 14 03 08.5 +54 20 57           ~ 3 0
121 2CXO J140308.6+542336 HXB 14 03 08.64307 +54 23 36.4002   23.79 23.97   24.25 ~ 5 0
122 2CXO J140310.7+542126 HXB 14 03 10.72831 +54 21 26.3033   23.65 23.79   23.97 ~ 5 0
123 M 101 GiP 14 03 12.583 +54 20 55.50   8.46 7.86 7.76   ~ 3138 2
124 [DK2003] M101-48 SNR 14 03 12.7 +54 17 44           ~ 1 0
125 [DK2003] M101-49 SNR 14 03 12.720 +54 19 00.78           ~ 5 0
126 [DK2003] M101-51 HII 14 03 12.9 +54 20 08           ~ 4 0
127 [DK2003] M101-50 SNR 14 03 13.290 +54 21 56.74           ~ 7 0
128 [DK2003] M101-53 HII 14 03 13.6 +54 19 09           ~ 1 0
129 2CXO J140313.9+541810 X 14 03 13.97183 +54 18 10.1575           ~ 6 0
130 2CXO J140314.6+542151 HXB 14 03 14.62951 +54 21 51.9898           ~ 9 0
131 2CXO J140314.8+542123 HXB 14 03 14.82614 +54 21 23.0616           ~ 4 0
132 2CXO J140314.8+542110 HXB 14 03 14.88805 +54 21 10.3786   22.16 21.40   20.26 ~ 3 0
133 2CXO J140315.1+542018 HXB 14 03 15.11242 +54 20 18.0061           ~ 4 0
134 [DK2003] M101-61 HII 14 03 15.5 +54 17 04           ~ 1 0
135 2CXO J140321.1+541907 HXB 14 03 21.16031 +54 19 07.9819           ~ 4 0
136 [DK2003] M101-76 X 14 03 21.7 +54 20 24           ~ 1 0
137 [DK2003] M101-77 PN 14 03 21.7 +54 22 32           ~ 1 0
138 [DK2003] M101-78 HII 14 03 22.6 +54 20 38           ~ 2 0
139 [DK2003] M101-80 HII 14 03 24.0 +54 23 37           ~ 2 0
140 [DK2003] M101-85 HII 14 03 25.3 +54 21 13           ~ 1 0
141 2CXO J140325.8+542124 HXB 14 03 25.84452 +54 21 24.8706   25.32 25.03   24.12 ~ 8 0
142 2CXO J140326.1+541950 HXB 14 03 26.18227 +54 19 50.7064   22.3 22.36   22.35 ~ 4 0
143 2CXO J140326.6+542042 HXB 14 03 26.66362 +54 20 42.6580   26.06 25.84   25.19 ~ 4 0
144 [DK2003] M101-92 HII 14 03 27.9 +54 18 45           ~ 1 0
145 2CXO J140328.6+542201 HXB 14 03 28.62323 +54 22 01.9162           ~ 4 0
146 2CXO J140328.8+542058 HXB 14 03 28.85949 +54 20 58.8481           ~ 4 0
147 [DK2003] M101-96 HII 14 03 28.9 +54 21 49           ~ 1 0
148 2CXO J140329.9+542057 HXB 14 03 29.910 +54 20 57.27   25.58 25.51   25.49 ~ 6 0
149 [DK2003] M101-101 X 14 03 31.9 +54 23 23           ~ 2 0
150 [JRW2005b] 122 UX? 14 03 32.38 +54 21 03.0   21.13       ~ 120 0
151 [DK2003] M101-104 HII 14 03 33.2 +54 17 59   20.26       ~ 4 0
152 [DK2003] M101-106 SNR 14 03 33.9 +54 20 11           ~ 1 0
153 2CXO J140338.8+541655 HXB 14 03 38.85392 +54 16 55.0534   28.53 26.97   25.53 ~ 4 0
154 SDSS J140341.35+541904.4 HII 14 03 41.38 +54 19 04.4           ~ 7 1
155 2CXO J140351.9+542149 HXB 14 03 51.92823 +54 21 49.5709   22.94 22.84   23.14 ~ 4 0

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