2007ApJ...656...42M

We present the rest-frame optical (B, V, and R band) luminosity functions (LFs) of galaxies at 2≤z≤3.5, measured from a K-selected sample constructed from the deep NIR MUSYC, the ultradeep FIRES, and the GOODS-CDFS. This sample is unique for its combination of area and range of luminosities. The faint-end slopes of the LFs at z>2 are consistent with those at z∼0. The characteristic magnitudes are significantly brighter than the local values (e.g., ∼1.2 mag in the R band), while the measured values for Φ* are typically ∼5 times smaller. The B-band luminosity density at z∼2.3 is similar to the local value, and in the R band it is ∼2 times smaller than the local value. We present the LF of distant red galaxies (DRGs), which we compare to that of non-DRGs. While DRGs and non-DRGs are characterized by similar LFs at the bright end, the faint-end slope of the non-DRG LF is much steeper than that of DRGs. The contribution of DRGs to the global densities down to the faintest probed luminosities is 14%-25% in number and 22%-33% in luminosity. From the derived rest-frame U-V colors and stellar population synthesis models, we estimate the mass-to-light ratios (M/L) of the different subsamples. The M/L ratios of DRGs are ∼5 times higher (in the R and V bands) than those of non-DRGs. The global stellar mass density at 2≤z≤3.5 appears to be dominated by DRGs, whose contribution is of order ∼60%-80% of the global value. Qualitatively similar results are obtained when the population is split by rest-frame U-V color instead of observed J-K color.