2008A&A...487..993K

Query : 2008A&A...487..993K

2008A&A...487..993K - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 487993-1017 (2008/9-1)

MAMBO mapping of Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores.

KAUFFMANN J., BERTOLDI F., BOURKE T.L., EVANS II N.J. and LEE C.W.

Abstract (from CDS):

To study the structure of nearby (<500 pc) dense starless and star-forming cores with the particular goal to identify and understand evolutionary trends in core properties, and to explore the nature of Very Low Luminosity Objects (≤0.1 L☉; VeLLOs). Using the MAMBO bolometer array, we create maps unusually sensitive to faint (few mJy per beam) extended (≃5 ') thermal dust continuum emission at 1.2 mm wavelength. Complementary information on embedded stars is obtained from Spitzer, IRAS, and 2MASS. Our maps are very rich in structure, and we characterize extended emission features (``subcores'') and compact intensity peaks in our data separately to pay attention to this complexity. We derive, e.g., sizes, masses, and aspect ratios for the subcores, as well as column densities and related properties for the peaks. Combination with archival infrared data then enables the derivation of bolometric luminosities and temperatures, as well as envelope masses, for the young embedded stars. Starless and star-forming cores occupy the same parameter space in many core properties; a picture of dense core evolution in which any dense core begins to actively form stars once it exceeds some fixed limit in, e.g., mass, density, or both, is inconsistent with our data. A concept of necessary conditions for star formation appears to provide a better description: dense cores fulfilling certain conditions can form stars, but they do not need to, respectively have not done so yet. Comparison of various evolutionary indicators for young stellar objects in our sample (e.g., bolometric temperatures) reveals inconsistencies between some of them, possibly suggesting a revision of some of these indicators. Finally, we challenge the notion that VeLLOs form in cores not expected to actively form stars, and we present a first systematic study revealing evidence for structural differences between starless and candidate VeLLO cores.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): stars: formation - ISM: evolution - ISM: structure - ISM: dust, extinction - ISM: clouds

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/487/993): object.dat table3.dat table4.dat table5.dat fits/*>

Nomenclature: Table 3: [KBB2008] LNNNN CN, [KBB2008] LNNNNA CN, [KBB2008] LNNNNA-N CN, [KBB2008] LNNNN-N CN, [KBB2008] B18-N CN, [KBB2008] TMC-N CN, [KBB2008] TMC-NA CN, [KBB2008] IRAS05413 CN, [KBB2008] CB188 CN, [KBB2008] Bern48 CN, [KBB2008] LNNNN PN, [KBB2008] LNNNNA PN, [KBB2008] LNNNNA-N PN, [KBB2008] LNNNN-N PN, [KBB2008] B18-N PN, [KBB2008] TMC-N PN, [KBB2008] TMC-NA PN, [KBB2008] IRAS05413 PN, [KBB2008] CB188 PN, [KBB2008] Bern48 PN N=86+108..

Simbad objects: 196

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Number of rows : 196
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 LDN 1355 DNe 02 52.7 +69 02           ~ 23 0
2 [KBB2008] L1355 C1 cor 02 52 43.20 +68 56 54.0           ~ 1 0
3 [KBB2008] L1355 C2 cor 02 53 02.80 +68 53 54.7           ~ 1 0
4 [KBB2008] L1355 C3 cor 02 53 14.90 +68 57 03.4           ~ 1 0
5 [KBB2008] L1355 C4 cor 02 53 35.50 +68 54 46.5           ~ 1 0
6 LDN 1448 DNe 03 22.5 +30 35           ~ 546 0
7 [KBB2008] L1521B-2 C1 cor 04 23 28.00 +26 38 27.0           ~ 1 0
8 [KBB2008] L1521B-2 C2 cor 04 23 35.50 +26 40 19.5           ~ 1 0
9 [LM99] L1521B-2 cor 04 23 37.0 +26 40 06           ~ 8 0
10 Barnard 217B DNe 04 23 39 +26 36.2           ~ 3 0
11 [KBB2008] L1521B-2 C3 cor 04 23 42.40 +26 41 38.8           ~ 1 0
12 WISE J042838.78+265134.6 Y*O 04 28 38.78544 +26 51 34.6824           ~ 48 0
13 [KBB2008] L1521F C1 cor 04 28 39.30 +26 51 38.2           ~ 1 0
14 LDN 1521F DNe 04 28 39.3 +26 51 43           ~ 224 1
15 IRAS F04262+2654 Or* 04 29 21.6619016472 +27 01 25.516204068           M5.9 57 0
16 [KBB2008] L1521-2 C1 cor 04 29 27.70 +27 00 42.2           ~ 1 0
17 [LM99] L1521-2 cor 04 29 31.8 +26 59 59           ~ 7 0
18 [KBB2008] L1521-2 C2 cor 04 29 36.70 +26 58 06.0           ~ 1 0
19 [LM99] L1524-4 cor 04 30 05.7 +24 25 16           ~ 12 0
20 [KBB2008] L1524-4 C1 cor 04 30 07.90 +24 25 44.5           ~ 2 0
21 [KBB2008] L1524-4 C2 cor 04 30 17.30 +24 24 34.1           ~ 1 0
22 [KBB2008] L1524-4 C3 cor 04 30 20.10 +24 26 49.4           ~ 1 0
23 V* FX Tau Or* 04 30 29.618064 +24 26 45.02724   15.18 13.61 13.21   M4 166 0
24 Bad 16 Or* 04 30 50.2774891944 +23 00 08.757461592       14.95   F1 147 0
25 [KBB2008] B18-1 C1 cor 04 31 55.40 +24 32 33.7           ~ 2 0
26 JCMTSF J043155.5+243254 PoC 04 31 55.9 +24 32 49           ~ 42 0
27 IRAS 04292+2427 LP? 04 32 11.5400845080 +24 33 37.996211736           K2III 19 0
28 Haro 6-13 Or* 04 32 15.4174258632 +24 28 59.577717108 19.22   17.7     M0 233 1
29 [KBB2008] B18-1 C2 cor 04 32 15.50 +24 28 59.5           ~ 1 0
30 [KBB2008] B18-2 C1 cor 04 32 29.80 +24 50 11.4           ~ 1 0
31 IRAS 04294+2413 Y*O 04 32 31.4 +24 20 02           ~ 11 0
32 [LM99] 38 cor 04 32 36.7 +24 52 05           ~ 10 0
33 [KBB2008] B18-2 C2 cor 04 32 36.90 +24 52 05.1           ~ 1 0
34 NAME Kutner's Cloud MoC 04 32 44.6 +24 23 13           ~ 283 0
35 NAME [BM89] TMC-2 PoC 04 32 44.7 +24 25 13           ~ 188 0
36 [KBB2008] TMC-2 C1 cor 04 32 45.90 +24 24 08.0           ~ 2 0
37 IRAS 04325+2402 Y*O 04 35 35.39160 +24 08 19.4244           ~ 161 0
38 [LM99] 45 cor 04 35 35.5 +24 08 55           ~ 10 1
39 [KBB2008] B18-4 C1 cor 04 35 36.70 +24 09 05.0           ~ 2 0
40 NAME B18-I DNe 04 35 39 +24 09.1           ~ 8 0
41 TMC-3 MoC 04 35 40 +24 08.1           ~ 6 0
42 CoKu Tau-Aur Star 3 TT* 04 35 40.937952 +24 11 08.49012 20.58         M4.3 113 0
43 [KBB2008] B18-5 C1 cor 04 35 50.40 +24 09 20.6           ~ 1 0
44 [LM99] 46 cor 04 35 51.3 +24 09 21           ~ 20 0
45 [KBB2008] TMC-1 C1 cor 04 40 59.60 +25 53 46.7           ~ 1 0
46 NAME Taurus Complex SFR 04 41.0 +25 52           ~ 4971 0
47 HD 29647 * 04 41 08.0448698568 +25 59 33.949206132 9.69 9.22 8.31 7.35 6.60 B9IIIpHgMn 217 0
48 IRAS 04381+2540 Y*O 04 41 12.67920 +25 46 35.4216           K0-M2 133 1
49 [KBB2008] TMC-1 C2 cor 04 41 13.30 +25 46 31.7           ~ 1 0
50 [KBB2008] TMC-1 C3 cor 04 41 16.00 +25 49 11.6           ~ 1 0
51 [KBB2008] TMC-1C C1 cor 04 41 21.50 +26 02 55.2           ~ 1 0
52 IRAS F04383+2549 IR 04 41 26.7 +25 54 47           ~ 2 0
53 [KBB2008] TMC-1C C2 cor 04 41 31.70 +26 04 06.5           ~ 1 0
54 [KBB2008] TMC-1 C4 cor 04 41 34.90 +25 44 20.7           ~ 1 0
55 [KBB2008] TMC-1C C3 cor 04 41 35.90 +26 00 54.1           ~ 1 0
56 Barnard 220 DNe 04 41 38.8 +26 00 42           ~ 141 0
57 Haro 6-33 TT* 04 41 38.8257958224 +25 56 26.741499648     18.40     M0.5 140 2
58 [KBB2008] TMC-1 C5 cor 04 41 42.30 +25 41 17.4           ~ 1 0
59 TMC-1 MoC 04 41 45.9 +25 41 27           ~ 1872 0
60 LDN 1534 DNe 04 41 46 +25 41.4           ~ 45 0
61 [KBB2008] TMC-1 C6 cor 04 41 52.60 +25 38 00.2           ~ 1 0
62 IRAS 04392+2529 FIR 04 42 18.2 +25 34 45           ~ 2 0
63 LDN 1507A DNe 04 42 38.3 +29 43 45           ~ 18 0
64 [KBB2008] L1507A C1 cor 04 42 39.30 +29 43 56.6           ~ 1 0
65 [KBB2008] L1507A C2 cor 04 42 39.60 +29 41 06.2           ~ 1 0
66 [LM99] 54 cor 04 43 03.0 +29 44 02           ~ 6 0
67 LDN 1544 DNe 05 04 16.6 +25 10 48           ~ 965 0
68 NAME [BM89] L1544 cor 05 04 22.5 +25 11 36           ~ 437 1
69 NAME [BM89] L1582A DNe 05 31 18.4 +12 30 31           ~ 33 0
70 IRAS F05290+1229 IR 05 31 49.6 +12 31 11           ~ 3 0
71 [KBB2008] L1582A C1 cor 05 31 55.30 +12 32 24.2           ~ 1 0
72 LDN 1582 DNe 05 32 00.3 +12 30 28           ~ 22 0
73 [KBB2008] L1582A C2 cor 05 32 03.10 +12 30 43.2           ~ 1 0
74 Cl Collinder 69 OpC 05 35 32.1 +09 44 02     2.8     ~ 369 0
75 NAME Ori B MoC 05 41 43.0 -01 54 44           ~ 1498 0
76 [KBB2008] IRAS05413 C1 cor 05 43 32.70 -01 07 27.6           ~ 1 0
77 2MASS J05434630-0104439 Y*O 05 43 46.30656 -01 04 43.9644           ~ 9 1
78 [KBB2008] IRAS05413 C2 cor 05 43 46.40 -01 04 49.4           ~ 1 0
79 HH 212 HH 05 43 51.41 -01 02 53.1           ~ 443 1
80 IRAS 05413-0104 IR 05 43 51.5 -01 02 52           ~ 82 0
81 [KBB2008] IRAS05413 C3 cor 05 43 51.60 -01 02 51.2           ~ 1 0
82 HGBS J054400.5-010510 cor 05 44 00.08 -01 05 03.7           ~ 3 0
83 LDN 1630 DNe 05 45.5 -00 59           ~ 392 0
84 [KBB2008] L1622A C1 cor 05 54 21.30 +01 50 34.0           ~ 1 0
85 IRAS 05517+0151 IR 05 54 23.5 +01 52 10           ~ 3 0
86 HGBS J055429.4+014743 cor 05 54 29.80 +01 47 37.7           ~ 3 0
87 IRAS 05519+0148 FIR 05 54 29.8 +01 48 33           ~ 2 0
88 IRAS 05519+0157 FIR 05 54 33.1 +01 57 35           ~ 2 0
89 [KBB2008] L1622A C3 cor 05 54 42.60 +01 54 31.4           ~ 1 0
90 [KBB2008] L1622A C4 cor 05 54 52.60 +01 57 49.3           ~ 1 0
91 [KBB2008] L1622A C5 cor 05 55 02.90 +02 00 24.6           ~ 1 0
92 [KBB2008] L183 C1 cor 15 54 00.50 -02 52 28.6           ~ 1 0
93 [KBB2008] L183 C2 cor 15 54 08.60 -02 52 03.3           ~ 1 0
94 [KBB2008] L183 C3 cor 15 54 09.10 -02 49 17.8           ~ 1 0
95 [KBB2008] L183 C4 cor 15 54 12.20 -02 58 22.1           ~ 1 0
96 LDN 183 MoC 15 54 12.2 -02 49 42           ~ 799 1
97 [KBB2008] L183 C5 cor 15 54 13.50 -02 55 25.5           ~ 1 0
98 [KBB2008] L183 C6 cor 15 54 25.20 -02 54 28.4           ~ 1 0
99 NAME Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud SFR 16 28 06 -24 32.5           ~ 3969 1
100 LDN 438 DNe 18 14 05 -07 06.8           ~ 15 0
101 [LM99] 251 cor 18 14 06.0 -07 09 04           ~ 3 0
102 IRAS 18116-0707 LP* 18 14 23.1632091648 -07 06 38.090456316           ~ 3 0
103 IRAS 18130-0341 FIR 18 15 44.0 -03 40 39           ~ 2 0
104 [LM99] 255 cor 18 15 49.8 -03 46 13           ~ 5 0
105 LDN 492 DNe 18 15 51 -03 44.4           ~ 50 0
106 IRAS 18132-0350 LP* 18 15 52.6544451288 -03 49 40.580157216           ~ 8 0
107 NAME Serpens Cloud SFR 18 29 49 +01 14.8           ~ 1195 1
108 NAME Aql Rift DNe 18 32 -01.0           ~ 355 1
109 IRAS 19179+1129 Y*? 19 20 14.9431913808 +11 35 40.015380696           ~ 14 0
110 [KBB2008] CB188 C1 cor 19 20 15.10 +11 35 50.3           ~ 1 0
111 [CB88] 188 cor 19 20 15.6 +11 36 15           ~ 37 0
112 IRAS 19180+1127 * 19 20 25.58832 +11 33 13.5072           ~ 4 0
113 LDN 673 DNe 19 20 54.4 +11 13 12           ~ 74 0
114 SSTc2d J192134.8+112123 Y*O 19 21 34.82 +11 21 23.4           ~ 23 0
115 [LM99] L673-7 cor 19 21 35.5 +11 21 14           ~ 32 0
116 [KBB2008] L673-7 C1 cor 19 21 35.50 +11 21 19.7           ~ 1 0
117 [KBB2008] L673-7 C2 cor 19 21 44.00 +11 17 58.1           ~ 1 0
118 [LM99] 310 cor 19 21 53.8 +11 20 07           ~ 4 0
119 LDN 675 DNe 19 23 53 +11 07.6           ~ 13 0
120 [KBB2008] L675 C1 cor 19 23 53.00 +11 07 43.0           ~ 1 0
121 IRAS 19217+1103 LP* 19 24 06.3839793552 +11 09 46.075302972           ~ 4 0
122 LDN 663 DNe 19 36 55 +07 34.4           ~ 698 0
123 [KBB2008] L1100 C1 cor 20 36 19.60 +63 53 12.6           ~ 1 0
124 LDN 1100 Y*O 20 36 22.86 +63 53 40.4           ~ 34 0
125 [KBB2008] L1041-2 C1 cor 20 37 02.30 +57 41 21.7           ~ 1 0
126 [KBB2008] L1041-2 C2 cor 20 37 08.30 +57 39 27.6           ~ 1 0
127 [KBB2008] L1041-2 C3 cor 20 37 13.50 +57 47 50.5           ~ 1 0
128 [LM99] 333 cor 20 37 17.5 +57 44 09           ~ 3 0
129 [LM99] L1041-2 cor 20 37 17.7 +57 49 21           ~ 17 0
130 IRAS 20361+5733 IR 20 37 20.6 +57 44 13           ~ 7 1
131 [KBB2008] L1041-2 C5 cor 20 37 22.00 +57 50 32.1           ~ 1 0
132 LDN 1041 DNe 20 38.2 +57 31           ~ 8 0
133 IRAS 20395+6714 FIR 20 40 07.1 +67 25 27           ~ 2 0
134 LDN 1148 DNe 20 40 31.6 +67 21 45           ~ 68 0
135 [LM99] 340 cor 20 40 31.7 +67 20 55           ~ 3 0
136 LDN 1147 DNe 20 40 32 +67 20.7           ~ 35 0
137 2MASS J20405664+6723047 Y*O 20 40 56.65 +67 23 04.8           ~ 38 0
138 [LM99] 344 cor 20 41 10.9 +67 20 35           ~ 6 0
139 IRAS 20410+6710 FIR 20 41 32.3 +67 21 40           ~ 2 0
140 [LM99] 346 cor 20 43 49.6 +67 37 08           ~ 3 0
141 [KBB2008] L1155E C2 cor 20 44 01.90 +67 39 49.6           ~ 1 0
142 LDN 1155E PoC 20 44 17.6 +67 42 00           ~ 10 0
143 [LM99] 348 cor 20 44 17.8 +67 41 59           ~ 4 0
144 LDN 1158 DNe 20 44.5 +67 41           ~ 37 0
145 [LM99] 350 cor 20 49 46.6 +60 15 39           ~ 9 0
146 [KBB2008] L1082C-2 C1 cor 20 49 55.00 +60 15 49.7           ~ 1 0
147 LDN 1082 DNe 20 51.1 +60 11           ~ 36 0
148 NAME [BM89] L1082C DNe 20 51 27.4 +60 19 00           ~ 33 0
149 [LM99] 351 cor 20 51 28.0 +60 18 33           ~ 6 0
150 IRAS 20503+6006 MIR 20 51 29.82576 +60 18 38.5560           ~ 8 1
151 IRAS 20520+6003 MIR 20 53 13.467 +60 14 42.55           ~ 16 1
152 [KBB2008] L1082A C1 cor 20 53 13.70 +60 14 45.0           ~ 1 0
153 [KBB2008] L1082A C2 cor 20 53 27.90 +60 14 33.8           ~ 1 0
154 LDN 1082A DNe 20 53 29.6 +60 14 40           ~ 43 1
155 IRAS 20526+5958 FIR 20 53 50.4 +60 09 48           ~ 14 1
156 [KBB2008] L1082A C3 cor 20 53 50.40 +60 09 45.1           ~ 1 0
157 [KBB2008] L1082A C4 cor 20 53 51.90 +60 17 17.9           ~ 1 0
158 IRAS 20582+7724 Y*O 20 57 12.9250225656 +77 35 43.656301932           ~ 119 0
159 LDN 1228 DNe 20 57 13 +77 35.8           ~ 131 0
160 OSHA 42 Y*O 20 58 46.694976 +77 40 25.42800   18.36 16.74 15.38 14.06 M0 8 0
161 [KBB2008] Bern48 C1 cor 20 59 13.90 +78 23 04.4           ~ 1 0
162 RNO 129 Y*O 20 59 14.08512 +78 23 04.0020       15.30   G:e 50 1
163 [LM99] 360 cor 21 02 18.6 +67 53 54           ~ 2 0
164 [KBB2008] L1172A C1 cor 21 02 20.50 +67 51 08.8           ~ 1 0
165 IRAS 21017+6742 Y*O 21 02 21.23 +67 54 20.2           ~ 35 1
166 LDN 1172A DNe 21 02 27.7 +67 54 08           ~ 24 0
167 LDN 1172 DNe 21 02 27.7 +67 54 08           ~ 57 0
168 Ass Cyg OB 7 As* 21 08 +47.6           ~ 218 0
169 LDN 1177 DNe 21 17 38.62 +68 17 34.0           ~ 95 1
170 [KBB2008] L1177 C1 cor 21 17 39.00 +68 17 30.3           ~ 1 0
171 HD 235495 Or* 21 21 27.4972171680 +50 59 47.633714304   9.872 9.62     A0 26 1
172 LDN 1021 DNe 21 21 39 +50 57.3           ~ 14 0
173 [KBB2008] L1021 C1 cor 21 21 44.50 +50 57 51.5           ~ 1 0
174 LDN 1014 cor 21 24 05.9 +49 59 07           ~ 94 0
175 [KBB2008] L1014 C1 cor 21 24 07.20 +49 59 05.0           ~ 1 0
176 NAME LDN 1014 IRS Y*O 21 24 07.58 +49 59 08.9           ~ 84 0
177 IRAS 21399+5632 IR 21 41 35.6 +56 46 34           ~ 2 0
178 [KBB2008] L1103-2 C1 cor 21 42 14.20 +56 43 34.1           ~ 1 0
179 LDN 1106 DNe 21 42 15.4 +56 43 44           ~ 22 0
180 [LM99] 381 cor 21 42 16.8 +56 43 54           ~ 5 0
181 LDN 1070 DNe 21 47.1 +51 04           ~ 14 0
182 [KBB2008] L1251A C1 cor 22 28 53.50 +75 14 56.6           ~ 1 0
183 TYC 4600-2437-1 * 22 29 10.8899441832 +75 09 14.674399524   12.09 10.50     K5III 6 0
184 [KBB2008] L1251A C2 cor 22 29 42.70 +75 13 32.2           ~ 3 0
185 IRAS 22290+7458 Y*O 22 29 59.537 +75 14 04.41           ~ 27 1
186 NAME LDN 1251 A IRS 3 Y*O 22 30 31.8 +75 14 09           ~ 19 0
187 LDN 1251A DNe 22 30 31.8 +75 14 17           ~ 76 2
188 [KBB2008] L1251A C3 cor 22 30 32.10 +75 14 07.9           ~ 3 0
189 NAME LDN 1251 A IRS 4 Y*O 22 31 05.6 +75 13 37           ~ 21 0
190 [KBB2008] L1251A C4 cor 22 31 11.70 +75 13 06.8           ~ 3 0
191 LDN 1192 DNe 22 33 48 +58 33.5           ~ 29 0
192 [LM99] 396 cor 22 37 02.3 +58 57 21           ~ 5 0
193 LDN 1197 DNe 22 37 20 +58 56.1           ~ 32 0
194 LDN 1200 DNe 22 45 59 +58 45.9           ~ 8 0
195 NAME Cepheus Flare MoC 23 34 +72.0           ~ 142 0
196 LDN 1622A DNe ~ ~           ~ 8 0

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