2009A&A...493L..49H

We attempt to understand the presence of gas phase CO below its sublimation temperature in circumstellar disks. We study two promising mechanisms to explain this phenomenon: turbulent mixing and photodesorption. We compute the chemical evolution of circumstellar disks including grain surface reactions with and without turbulent mixing and CO photodesorption. We show that photodesorption significantly enhances the gas phase CO abundance, by extracting CO from the grains when the visual extinction remains below about 5mag. However, the resulting dependence of column density on radial distance is inconsistent with observations so far. We propose that this inconsistency could be the result of grain growth. On the other hand, the influence of turbulent mixing is not found to be straightforward. The efficiency of turbulent mixing depends upon a variety of parameters, including the disk structure. For the set of parameters we chose, turbulent mixing is not found to have any significant influence on the CO column density.