2009ApJ...707..283J

Query : 2009ApJ...707..283J

2009ApJ...707..283J - Astrophys. J., 707, 283-309 (2009/December-2)

Ionized gas toward molecular clumps: physical properties of massive star-forming regions.

JOHNSTON K.G., SHEPHERD D.S., AGUIRRE J.E., DUNHAM M.K., ROSOLOWSKY E. and WOOD K.

Abstract (from CDS):

We have conducted a search for ionized gas at 3.6 cm, using the Very Large Array, toward 31 Galactic intermediate- and high-mass clumps detected in previous millimeter continuum observations. In the 10 observed fields, 35 H II regions are identified, of which 20 are newly discovered. Many of the H II regions are multiply peaked indicating the presence of a cluster of massive stars. We find that the ionized gas tends to be associated toward the millimeter clumps; of the 31 millimeter clumps observed, nine of these appear to be physically related to ionized gas, and a further six have ionized gas emission within 1'. For clumps with associated ionized gas, the combined mass of the ionizing massive stars is compared to the clump masses to provide an estimate of the instantaneous star formation efficiency. These values range from a few percent to 25%, and have an average of 7%±8%. We also find a correlation between the clump mass and the mass of the ionizing massive stars within it, which is consistent with a power law. This result is comparable to the prediction of star formation by competitive accretion that a power-law relationship exists between the mass of the most massive star in a cluster and the total mass of the remaining stars.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): circumstellar matter - H II regions - radio continuum: stars - stars: formation - stars: winds, outflows

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/707/283): table1.dat table3.dat table5.dat>

Nomenclature: Tables 3, 5: [JSA2009] GLL.lll VLA NA-P, [JSA2009] IRAS HHMMm+DDMM VLA NA-P N=70.

Simbad objects: 151

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Number of rows : 151
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 3C 286 Sy1 13 31 08.2883506368 +30 30 32.960091564   17.51 17.25     ~ 4558 2
2 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 1 HII 18 28 16.2 -07 39 36           ~ 1 0
3 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 1-P HII 18 28 16.2 -07 39 36           ~ 1 0
4 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 2 HII 18 28 18.2 -07 40 12           ~ 1 0
5 [BBC2006] IRAS 18256-0742 Clump 1 cor 18 28 18.9 -07 40 06           ~ 1 0
6 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 3 HII 18 28 19.7 -07 38 54           ~ 1 0
7 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 3-P HII 18 28 19.7 -07 38 54           ~ 1 0
8 IRAS 18256-0742 IR 18 28 20.5 -07 40 22           ~ 14 0
9 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 4 HII 18 28 23.7 -07 41 00           ~ 1 0
10 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 5 HII 18 28 28.4 -07 42 46           ~ 1 0
11 [JSA2009] IRAS 18256-0742 VLA 5-P HII 18 28 28.4 -07 42 46           ~ 1 0
12 [JSA2009] IRAS 18424-0329 VLA 1-P HII 18 45 00.3 -03 28 26           ~ 1 0
13 GPSR5 29.107-0.155 Rad 18 45 00.346 -03 28 25.59           ~ 4 0
14 [JSA2009] IRAS 18424-0329 VLA 1 HII 18 45 00.4 -03 28 26           ~ 1 0
15 [BBC2006] IRAS 18424-0329 Clump 6 cor 18 45 00.5 -03 27 36           ~ 1 0
16 [BBC2006] IRAS 18424-0329 Clump 2 cor 18 45 00.5 -03 27 04           ~ 1 0
17 BGPS G029.126-00.151 cor 18 45 01 -03 27.4           ~ 10 0
18 GPSR5 29.134-0.148 Rad 18 45 01.91 -03 26 50.6           ~ 2 0
19 [JSA2009] IRAS 18424-0329 VLA 2 HII 18 45 02.1 -03 26 50           ~ 1 0
20 IRAS 18424-0329 Rad 18 45 03.3 -03 26 49           ~ 12 0
21 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 1 HII 18 59 35.1 +03 52 46           ~ 1 0
22 IRAS 18571+0349 Rad 18 59 40.0 +03 53 35           ~ 15 0
23 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 2 HII 18 59 40.9 +03 52 28           ~ 1 0
24 SSTGLMC G037.3199-00.0641 MIR 18 59 40.950 +03 52 30.79           ~ 1 0
25 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 3-P HII 18 59 41.7 +03 53 27           ~ 1 0
26 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 3 HII 18 59 41.7 +03 53 28           ~ 1 0
27 SSTGLMC G037.3418-00.0591 AB? 18 59 42.285 +03 53 49.11           ~ 3 0
28 2MASS J18594247+0352359 NIR 18 59 42.470 +03 52 35.98           ~ 1 0
29 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 4 HII 18 59 42.5 +03 52 36           ~ 1 0
30 [BBC2006] IRAS 18571+0349 Clump 1 cor 18 59 42.7 +03 53 42           ~ 1 0
31 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 5 HII 18 59 43.1 +03 53 38           ~ 1 0
32 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 5-P HII 18 59 43.2 +03 53 40           ~ 1 0
33 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 6A HII 18 59 45.5 +03 55 00           ~ 1 0
34 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 6B HII 18 59 45.9 +03 55 20           ~ 1 0
35 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 6 HII 18 59 45.9 +03 55 20           ~ 1 0
36 [BBC2006] IRAS 18571+0349 Clump 3 cor 18 59 49.0 +03 56 30           ~ 1 0
37 [BBC2006] IRAS 18571+0349 Clump 4 cor 18 59 51.2 +03 55 18           ~ 1 0
38 2MASS J18595156+0355183 NIR 18 59 51.566 +03 55 18.34           ~ 1 0
39 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 7 HII 18 59 52.0 +03 55 22           ~ 1 0
40 2MASS J18595375+0355017 NIR 18 59 53.752 +03 55 01.74           ~ 1 0
41 [JSA2009] IRAS 18571+0349 VLA 8 HII 18 59 53.8 +03 55 02           ~ 1 0
42 [BBC2006] IRAS 18586+0106 Clump 7 cor 19 00 59.3 +01 11 08           ~ 1 0
43 [BBC2006] IRAS 18586+0106 Clump 3 cor 19 00 59.8 +01 13 40           ~ 1 0
44 [BBC2006] IRAS 18586+0106 Clump 4 cor 19 01 01.4 +01 13 16           ~ 1 0
45 IRAS 18586+0106 Rad 19 01 10.6 +01 11 16           ~ 19 0
46 [BBC2006] IRAS 18586+0106 Clump 5 cor 19 01 12.1 +01 10 44           ~ 1 0
47 [BBC2006] IRAS 18586+0106 Clump 1 cor 19 01 15.8 +01 12 28           ~ 1 0
48 [BBC2006] IRAS 18586+0106 Clump 6 cor 19 01 27.0 +01 10 28           ~ 1 0
49 SPICY 99288 Y*? 19 11 24.063 +10 28 49.62           ~ 3 0
50 IRAS 19090+1023 IR 19 11 24.5 +10 28 43           ~ 4 0
51 [ERG2015] 6730 cor 19 11 24.6829 +10 28 43.253           ~ 8 0
52 SSTGLMC G044.5206+00.3866 MIR 19 11 24.743 +10 28 40.98           ~ 1 0
53 [JSA2009] G44.587 VLA 1 HII 19 11 25.1 +10 28 37           ~ 1 0
54 2MASS J19112511+1028450 * 19 11 25.1105388456 +10 28 45.021249264           ~ 1 0
55 2MASS J19112575+1028433 NIR 19 11 25.752 +10 28 43.30           ~ 1 0
56 SPICY 99327 Y*? 19 11 35.526 +10 31 28.45           ~ 2 0
57 [ERG2015] 6732 smm 19 11 35.5932 +10 31 47.313           ~ 7 0
58 SSTGLMC G044.5802+00.3660 MIR 19 11 35.912 +10 31 17.00           ~ 1 0
59 SPICY 99330 Y*? 19 11 36.244 +10 31 54.43           ~ 2 0
60 SPICY 99331 Y*? 19 11 36.548 +10 31 57.34           ~ 2 0
61 [JSA2009] G44.587 VLA 2 HII 19 11 38.8 +10 33 13           ~ 1 0
62 [JSA2009] G44.587 VLA 2-P HII 19 11 38.8 +10 33 14           ~ 1 0
63 BGPS G044.617+00.365 mm 19 11 40.3 +10 33 13           ~ 1 0
64 IRAS 19094+1029 Y*O 19 11 48.30624 +10 35 04.8228           ~ 16 0
65 [ERG2015] 6816 smm 19 19 40.3140 +14 01 27.029           ~ 8 0
66 F3R 1703 Rad 19 19 41.2 +14 02 35           ~ 5 1
67 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 1 HII 19 19 42.9 +14 01 56           ~ 1 1
68 2MASS J19194347+1401190 LP? 19 19 43.4705944272 +14 01 19.145648676           ~ 2 0
69 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 2 HII 19 19 43.6 +14 01 22           ~ 1 0
70 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 2-P HII 19 19 43.6 +14 01 23           ~ 1 0
71 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 3-P HII 19 19 46.9 +14 03 43           ~ 1 0
72 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 3 HII 19 19 46.9 +14 03 44           ~ 1 0
73 WFS 70 smm 19 19 48.6 +14 02 26           ~ 3 1
74 [ERG2015] 6818 smm 19 19 48.6981 +14 01 11.222           ~ 8 0
75 WFS 71 smm 19 19 48.8 +14 02 46           ~ 3 1
76 [ERG2015] 6821 smm 19 19 49.039 +14 02 47.43           ~ 8 0
77 IRAS 19175+1357 cor 19 19 49.22 +14 02 46.8           ~ 30 0
78 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 4 HII 19 19 49.3 +14 02 52           ~ 1 0
79 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5A HII 19 19 49.9 +14 04 28           ~ 1 0
80 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5B HII 19 19 50.6 +14 04 14           ~ 1 0
81 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5C HII 19 19 51.5 +14 03 06           ~ 1 0
82 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5 HII 19 19 51.5 +14 03 06           ~ 1 0
83 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5C-P HII 19 19 51.6 +14 03 06           ~ 1 0
84 HD 231160 * 19 19 52.0586090040 +14 03 50.336350308   9.688 8.60     G5 4 0
85 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5D HII 19 19 52.1 +14 03 48           ~ 1 0
86 BGPS G048.656+00.228 mm 19 19 52.2824 +14 03 51.009           ~ 4 0
87 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5E HII 19 19 53.5 +14 03 06           ~ 1 0
88 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 5F HII 19 19 55.3 +14 03 34           ~ 1 0
89 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 6 HII 19 19 55.4 +14 04 58           ~ 1 0
90 [JSA2009] G48.598 VLA 6-P HII 19 19 55.5 +14 04 58           ~ 1 0
91 IRAS 19176+1359 Y*? 19 19 55.50936 +14 04 58.2708           ~ 5 0
92 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 1 HII 19 20 16.6 +13 54 14           ~ 1 0
93 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 2 HII 19 20 17.6 +13 56 32           ~ 1 0
94 [ERG2015] 6819 smm 19 20 18.552 +13 57 49.65           ~ 7 0
95 [ERG2015] 6813 smm 19 20 19.9003 +13 52 24.842           ~ 7 0
96 [WWS2012] G048.58+00.05 cor 19 20 21.0454 +13 54 59.034           ~ 10 0
97 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 3 HII 19 20 21.7 +13 52 04           ~ 1 0
98 RRF 376 Rad 19 20 25.1 +13 54 18           ~ 2 0
99 NRAO 608 Rad 19 20 25.3 +13 54 58           ~ 6 0
100 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 5A HII 19 20 25.4 +13 55 14           ~ 1 1
101 GPSR 048.609+0.027 Rad 19 20 26.8 +13 55 33           ~ 4 1
102 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 4 HII 19 20 29.6 +13 51 26           ~ 1 0
103 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 4A HII 19 20 29.6 +13 51 26           ~ 1 0
104 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 4A-P HII 19 20 29.6 +13 51 26           ~ 1 0
105 2MASS J19202995+1355174 NIR 19 20 29.956 +13 55 17.46           ~ 1 0
106 IRAS 19181+1346 * 19 20 30.10 +13 51 46.5           ~ 3 0
107 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 5B HII 19 20 30.2 +13 55 16           ~ 1 1
108 SSTGLMC G048.6093+00.0270 MIR 19 20 30.662 +13 55 42.20           ~ 1 0
109 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 5C HII 19 20 30.7 +13 55 42           ~ 1 1
110 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 5 HII 19 20 30.7 +13 55 42           ~ 1 0
111 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 5C-P HII 19 20 30.7 +13 55 42           ~ 1 0
112 [WWS2012] G048.61+00.02 cor 19 20 30.8169 +13 55 21.287           ~ 11 0
113 IRAS 19181+1349 HII 19 20 30.95 +13 55 26.7           ~ 54 0
114 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 5D-P HII 19 20 31.0 +13 55 23           ~ 1 0
115 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 4B HII 19 20 31.2 +13 51 56           ~ 1 0
116 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 5D HII 19 20 31.2 +13 55 24           ~ 1 1
117 [JSA2009] G48.580 VLA 6 HII 19 20 31.5 +13 56 18           ~ 1 0
118 [JSA2009] G48.751 VLA 1 HII 19 21 18.5 +13 58 19           ~ 2 0
119 BGPS G048.751-00.142 mm 19 21 24.0 +13 58 25           ~ 2 0
120 BGPS G048.771-00.148 mm 19 21 27.6 +13 59 18           ~ 1 0
121 SPICY 101298 Y*O 19 21 28.756 +13 59 27.70           ~ 4 0
122 IRAS 19191+1352 IR 19 21 28.9 +13 57 55           ~ 2 0
123 IRAS 19193+1504 Rad 19 21 32.5 +15 10 13           ~ 12 0
124 GRS G049.80 +00.40 Rad 19 21.6 +15 11           ~ 2 0
125 BGPS G049.829+00.370 cor 19 21 37.8977 +15 10 02.635           ~ 5 0
126 GB6 B1919+1504 Rad 19 21 38.4 +15 09 42           ~ 2 1
127 [JSA2009] G49.912 VLA 1A HII 19 21 39.0 +15 09 45           ~ 1 0
128 [JSA2009] G49.912 VLA 1 HII 19 21 39.0 +15 09 45           ~ 6 0
129 [JSA2009] G49.912 VLA 1B HII 19 21 40.0 +15 10 13           ~ 1 0
130 2MASS J19214701+1514228 Y*? 19 21 47.010 +15 14 22.86           ~ 2 0
131 2MASS J19214718+1514300 Y*? 19 21 47.180 +15 14 30.09           ~ 2 0
132 BGPS G049.912+00.370 mm 19 21 47.5 +15 14 23           ~ 1 0
133 IRAS 19195+1508 IR 19 21 48.0164014176 +15 14 24.612146268           ~ 3 0
134 [WBN74] W 51 IRS 2 SFR 19 23 39.93 +14 31 09.4           ~ 321 0
135 2MASX J19251779+1512247 HII 19 25 17.790 +15 12 24.77           ~ 11 1
136 2MASS J19251779+1512245 Y*O 19 25 17.793 +15 12 24.53           ~ 2 0
137 AGAL G050.284-00.391 smm 19 25 17.892 +15 12 25.45           ~ 16 0
138 IRAS 19230+1506 Y*O 19 25 18.33456 +15 12 26.6652           ~ 11 1
139 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 1 HII 19 25 18.5 +15 12 27           ~ 1 0
140 GPSR 050.318-0.418 Rad 19 25 18.66 +15 12 29.0           ~ 2 0
141 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 2 HII 19 25 21.1 +15 11 05           ~ 1 0
142 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 3A HII 19 25 26.8 +15 12 57           ~ 1 0
143 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 3A-P HII 19 25 26.8 +15 12 57           ~ 1 0
144 [ERG2015] 6917 smm 19 25 27.5474 +15 10 18.045           ~ 6 0
145 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 3 HII 19 25 27.9 +15 13 29           ~ 1 0
146 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 3B HII 19 25 27.9 +15 13 29           ~ 1 0
147 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 3B-P HII 19 25 28.0 +15 13 28           ~ 1 0
148 SSTGLMA G050.3179-00.4186 MIR 19 25 28.121 +15 13 27.24           ~ 1 0
149 IRAS 19232+1504 IR 19 25 30.0 +15 10 25           ~ 3 0
150 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 4 HII 19 25 32.7 +15 08 09           ~ 1 0
151 [JSA2009] G50.271 VLA 4-P HII 19 25 32.7 +15 08 09           ~ 1 0

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