2010A&A...522A..40M

Despite its major role in the evolution of the interstellar medium, the formation of high-mass stars (M≥10M_☉) remains poorly understood. Two types of massive star cluster precursors, the so-called massive dense cores (MDCs), have been observed, which differ in terms of their mid-infrared brightness. The origin of this difference has not yet been established and may be the result of evolution, density, geometry differences, or a combination of these. We compare several molecular tracers of physical conditions (hot cores, shocks) observed in a sample of mid-IR weakly emitting MDCs with previous results obtained in a sample of exclusively mid-IR bright MDCs. We attempt to understand the differences between these two types of object. We present single-dish observations of HDO, H₂¹⁸O, SO₂, and CH₃OH lines at λ=1.3-3.5mm. We study line profiles and estimate abundances of these molecules, and use a partial correlation method to search for trends in the results. The detection rates of thermal emission lines are found to be very similar for both mid-IR quiet and bright objects. The abundances of H₂O, HDO (10^–13 to 10^–9 in the cold outer envelopes), SO₂ and CH₃OH differ from source to source but independently of their mid-IR flux. In contrast, the methanol class I maser emission, a tracer of outflow shocks, is found to be strongly anti-correlated with the 12µm source brightnesses. The enhancement of the methanol maser emission in mid-IR quiet MDCs may be indicative of a more embedded nature. Since total masses are similar between the two samples, we suggest that the matter distribution is spherical around mid-IR quiet sources but flattened around mid-IR bright ones. In contrast, water emission is associated with objects containing a hot molecular core, irrespective of their mid-IR brightness. These results indicate that the mid-IR brightness of MDCs is an indicator of their evolutionary stage.