2010ApJ...716L..63B

The metallicity in galaxy clusters is expected to originate from the stars in galaxies, with a population dominated by high-mass stars likely being the most important stellar component, especially in rich clusters. We examine the relationship between the metallicity and the prominence of galaxies as measured by the star-to-baryon ratio, M_*/M_bary. Counter to expectations, we rule out a metallicity that is proportional to M_*/M _bary, where the best fit has the gas-phase metallicity decreasing with M_*/M_bary, or the metallicity of the gas plus the stars being independent of M_*/M_bary. This implies that the population of stars responsible for the metals is largely proportional to the total baryonic mass of the cluster, not to the galaxy mass within the cluster. If generally applicable, most of the heavy elements in the universe were not produced within galaxies.