2010ApJ...724..539G

The so-called hyperquenching technique has been applied to generate water ices containing ammonium and formate ions by sudden freezing of droplets of NH₄Cl, NH₄COOH, and NaCOOH solutions. Salt deposits were obtained after heating the ices to 210 K to sublimate all water content. All stages are controlled by IR transmission spectroscopy. The NH₄⁺ bands are very much broadened and smeared in the frozen droplets, but stand out strongly when water is eliminated. This fact hints toward the difficulty in ascertaining the presence of this species in astrophysical water-containing ices. Vapor-deposited ices of NH₃/HCOOH and H₂O/NH₃/HCOOH mixtures have also been studied for comparison. HCOO^– and NH₄⁺ ions are found to be formed in small proportion even at the lowest temperature, 14 K. By thermal processing, their IR bands become stronger, and at 210 K, after water sublimation, they yield IR spectra similar to those obtained from hyperquenched samples. The observations are interpreted in terms of the varying ion arrangement within the solids along the warming process. A direct comparison to laboratory spectra of irradiated samples, as performed by other groups, is not straightforward.