2011MNRAS.413.2987V

We explore the effect of an early population of intermediate-mass stars in the 2–8 M_☉ range on the cosmic chemical evolution. We discuss the implications of this population as it pertains to several cosmological and astrophysical observables. For example, some very metal poor Galactic stars show large enhancements of carbon, typical of the C-rich ejecta of intermediate-mass stars; moreover, halo star carbon and oxygen abundances show wide scatter, which imply a wide range of star formation and nucleosynthetic histories contributed to the first generations of stars. Also, recent analyses of the ⁴He abundance in metal-poor extragalactic H II regions suggest an elevated abundance Y_p ≃ 0.256 by mass, higher than the predicted result from the big bang nucleosynthesis, assuming the baryon density determined by the WMAP, Y_p= 0.249. Although there are large uncertainties in the observational determination of ⁴He, this offset may suggest a prompt initial enrichment of ⁴He in early metal-poor structures. We also discuss the effect of intermediate-mass stars on the global cosmic evolution, the reionization of the Universe, the density of white dwarfs, as well as Type II supernovae (SN II) and SN Ia rates at high redshift. We also comment on the early astration of D and ⁷Li. We conclude that if intermediate-mass stars are to be associated with Population III stars, their relevance is limited (primarily from observed abundance patterns) to low-mass structures involving a limited fraction of the total baryon content of the Universe.