2011MNRAS.417..882D

Query : 2011MNRAS.417..882D

2011MNRAS.417..882D - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 417, 882-899 (2011/October-3)

The ATLAS3D project – X. On the origin of the molecular and ionized gas in early-type galaxies.

DAVIS T.A., ALATALO K., SARZI M., BUREAU M., YOUNG L.M., BLITZ L., SERRA P., CROCKER A.F., KRAJNOVIC D., McDERMID R.M., BOIS M., BOURNAUD F., CAPPELLARI M., DAVIES R.L., DUC P.-A., DE ZEEUW P.T., EMSELLEM E., KHOCHFAR S., KUNTSCHNER H., LABLANCHE P.-Y., MORGANTI R., NAAB T., OOSTERLOO T., SCOTT N. and WEIJMANS A.-M.

Abstract (from CDS):

We make use of interferometric CO and H I observations, and optical integral-field spectroscopy from the ATLAS3D survey, to probe the origin of the molecular and ionized interstellar medium (ISM) in local early-type galaxies. We find that 36±5 per cent of our sample of fast-rotating early-type galaxies have their ionized gas kinematically misaligned with respect to the stars, setting a strong lower limit on the importance of externally acquired gas (e.g. from mergers and cold accretion). Slow rotators have a flat distribution of misalignments, indicating that the dominant source of gas is external. The molecular, ionized and atomic gas in all the detected galaxies are always kinematically aligned, even when they are misaligned from the stars, suggesting that all these three phases of the ISM share a common origin. In addition, we find that the origin of the cold and warm gas in fast-rotating early-type galaxies is strongly affected by environment, despite the molecular gas detection rate and mass fractions being fairly independent of group/cluster membership. Galaxies in dense groups and the Virgo cluster nearly always have their molecular gas kinematically aligned with the stellar kinematics, consistent with a purely internal origin (presumably stellar mass loss). In the field, however, kinematic misalignments between the stellar and gaseous components indicate that at least 42±5 per cent of local fast-rotating early-type galaxies have their gas supplied from external sources. When one also considers evidence of accretion present in the galaxies' atomic gas distributions, ≳ 46 per cent of fast-rotating field ETGs are likely to have acquired a detectable amount of ISM from accretion and mergers. We discuss several scenarios which could explain the environmental dichotomy, including preprocessing in galaxy groups/cluster outskirts and the morphological transformation of spiral galaxies, but we find it difficult to simultaneously explain the kinematic misalignment difference and the constant detection rate. Furthermore, our results suggest that galaxy mass may be an important independent factor associated with the origin of the gas, with the most massive fast-rotating galaxies in our sample (MK ≲ -24 mag; stellar mass of ≈ 8 {x} 1010 M☉) always having kinematically aligned gas. This mass dependence appears to be independent of environment, suggesting it is caused by a separate physical mechanism.

Abstract Copyright: 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society2011 RAS

Journal keyword(s): stars: mass-loss - ISM: evolution - ISM: molecules - galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies: evolution - galaxies: ISM

Simbad objects: 122

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Number of rows : 122
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NGC 524 GiP 01 24 47.7429545736 +09 32 20.089023900   11.5       ~ 494 1
2 NGC 661 GiG 01 44 14.5989233928 +28 42 21.162014388   13.0       ~ 107 0
3 NGC 680 GiP 01 49 47.2923018240 +21 58 15.142526652   13.0       ~ 154 0
4 NGC 1023 AG? 02 40 24.0133575864 +39 03 47.663392896 10.91 10.35 9.35 7.83   ~ 689 2
5 NGC 1222 Sy2 03 08 56.7398731608 -02 57 18.587969280   13.3   13.0 13.2 ~ 210 0
6 NGC 1266 Sy1 03 16 00.7739640240 -02 25 37.827013584   14   12.46   ~ 332 2
7 NGC 1289 GiG 03 18 49.7937804216 -01 58 23.745958356   13.8       ~ 74 0
8 ACO S 373 ClG 03 38 29.4 -35 27 08           ~ 2029 0
9 MCG-01-13-011 EmG 04 48 34.3914276240 -03 52 01.495685820   14.3   13.35 13.6 ~ 56 0
10 NGC 2577 GiP 08 22 43.4495600280 +22 33 11.142071640   13.8       ~ 133 0
11 NGC 2697 Sy2 08 54 59.3978707968 -02 59 15.332314380   13.6       ~ 41 0
12 NGC 2685 Sy2 08 55 34.7027817000 +58 44 03.876540108   13.68 12.70     ~ 459 1
13 NGC 2764 GiG 09 08 17.5023934176 +21 26 36.007547028   13.9       ~ 130 1
14 NGC 2768 SyG 09 11 37.504 +60 02 13.95 11.30 10.84 9.87     ~ 526 2
15 NGC 2778 GiP 09 12 24.3741783168 +35 01 39.140496840   13.1       ~ 303 0
16 NGC 2824 AGN 09 19 02.2176446256 +26 16 11.997810444   14.3       ~ 126 1
17 NGC 2852 GiP 09 23 14.6019569160 +40 09 49.759151868   14.0       ~ 73 0
18 NGC 2859 AG? 09 24 18.5266762368 +34 30 48.561305832   11.8       ~ 270 0
19 NGC 2950 AG? 09 42 35.1484995048 +58 51 04.584956904   11.8       ~ 223 0
20 NGC 3032 AGN 09 52 08.1524118072 +29 14 10.364182440   13.87 13.28     ~ 260 0
21 Z 64-21 AG? 09 59 43.4925294240 +11 39 38.647730772   14.6       ~ 56 0
22 Z 289-28 AGN 10 03 51.9487763664 +59 26 10.665521556   14.96 14.42     ~ 146 0
23 Z 64-55 Sy2 10 05 51.1824374496 +12 57 40.722432408   15.3       ~ 69 0
24 NGC 3182 Sy2 10 19 33.0239134272 +58 12 20.586154752   13.0       ~ 121 0
25 NGC 3226 rG 10 23 27.0064075320 +19 53 54.674937420   14.32 13.33     ~ 440 1
26 NGC 3245 LIN 10 27 18.3864983136 +28 30 26.621599932   11.6       ~ 372 0
27 NGC 3248 GiG 10 27 45.4389454896 +22 50 49.805614320   13.9       ~ 83 0
28 M 105 LIN 10 47 49.600 +12 34 53.87   10.56 9.76 9.12 8.18 ~ 1504 0
29 NGC 3384 GiG 10 48 16.8855574392 +12 37 45.371165844   10.0       ~ 617 1
30 NGC 3412 GiG 10 50 53.2803559464 +13 24 43.721664876 11.84 11.45 10.54     ~ 248 1
31 NGC 3457 GiG 10 54 48.6357589320 +17 37 16.420097712   13.0       ~ 108 0
32 NGC 3489 GiG 11 00 18.5483994744 +13 54 04.206202668 11.46 11.12 10.29     ~ 429 1
33 NGC 3499 GiG 11 03 11.0483985840 +56 13 18.448285980   14.3       ~ 81 0
34 NGC 3522 GiG 11 06 40.4644062552 +20 05 07.900946304   14.13       ~ 116 1
35 Z 125-29 H2G 11 07 24.6828148008 +21 39 25.578974664   14.8       ~ 83 0
36 IC 676 H2G 11 12 39.8140774166 +09 03 19.836734750   13.4       ~ 152 0
37 NGC 3595 GiG 11 15 25.5491549736 +47 26 49.424185356   13.0       ~ 73 0
38 NGC 3599 GiP 11 15 26.9494646448 +18 06 37.428503940   13.0       ~ 226 0
39 NGC 3607 Sy2 11 16 54.65687 +18 03 06.5120   13.84 12.76     ~ 490 1
40 NGC 3610 GiG 11 18 25.2827189856 +58 47 10.433735988   11.4       ~ 327 0
41 NGC 3613 GiG 11 18 36.130 +57 59 59.73   11.6       ~ 221 0
42 NGC 3619 GiG 11 19 21.5781353400 +57 45 28.018459368   12.6       ~ 180 0
43 NGC 3626 GiG 11 20 03.8069651160 +18 21 24.543304164   11.2       ~ 282 0
44 NGC 3648 GiG 11 22 31.5070422432 +39 52 36.753613320   13.57 12.64     ~ 84 0
45 NGC 3665 GiG 11 24 43.630 +38 45 46.05 13.71 13.26 11.62     ~ 364 1
46 NGC 3694 GiG 11 28 54.1323482808 +35 24 50.364511164   13.5       ~ 71 0
47 Z 186-9 GiG 11 34 27.5496336672 +33 10 44.499891720   15.0       ~ 48 0
48 IC 719 AG? 11 40 18.4960446000 +09 00 35.742181788   13.6       ~ 133 0
49 NGC 3796 GiG 11 40 31.1262142584 +60 17 55.999438980   13.4       ~ 79 0
50 NGC 3838 GiP 11 44 13.7648109936 +57 56 53.538816012   12.7       ~ 102 0
51 NGC 3941 Sy2 11 52 55.3609498656 +36 59 10.716212904   11.45 11.62 9.97   ~ 261 0
52 NGC 4026 GiP 11 59 25.0914676128 +50 57 41.951225700   12.17       ~ 290 0
53 NGC 4036 LIN 12 01 26.7603659808 +61 53 44.625848784   12.18 11.20     ~ 282 0
54 NGC 4111 LIN 12 07 03.1334091672 +43 03 56.345868252 12.07 11.63 10.74     ~ 350 1
55 NGC 4124 EmG 12 08 09.6312226800 +10 22 44.303673612   12.7       ~ 167 1
56 NGC 4143 LIN 12 09 36.0679174440 +42 32 03.031963368   13.04 12.08     ~ 251 0
57 NGC 4150 GiG 12 10 33.655 +30 24 05.35 12.72 12.44 11.64     ~ 331 2
58 NGC 4168 Sy2 12 12 17.2692381408 +13 12 18.688208724 12.58 12.11 11.18     ~ 393 1
59 NGC 4179 GiG 12 12 52.1118346920 +01 17 58.926287976   12.8       ~ 179 0
60 NGC 4191 LIN 12 13 50.4023369592 +07 12 03.219957216   13.9       ~ 122 0
61 NGC 4203 LIN 12 15 05.0549203560 +33 11 50.383965120   12.98 11.99     ~ 514 2
62 NGC 4251 GiP 12 18 08.3407168056 +28 10 31.135758600   11.5       ~ 211 0
63 NGC 4255 GiG 12 18 56.1463134360 +04 47 10.064149440   13.5       ~ 108 0
64 NGC 4261 LIN 12 19 23.2160630 +05 49 29.700024   13.92 12.87     ~ 1290 0
65 NGC 4262 GiG 12 19 30.5694336288 +14 52 39.517143276 13.00 12.49 11.55     ~ 378 1
66 NGC 4281 GiG 12 20 21.5246429784 +05 23 11.188759092   12.5       ~ 195 0
67 NGC 4324 GiG 12 23 06.1747492368 +05 15 01.229253372   12.5       ~ 208 0
68 M 85 GiP 12 25 24.053 +18 11 27.89   10.2       ~ 678 0
69 NGC 4417 GiP 12 26 50.6084412168 +09 35 03.354168804   12.2       ~ 268 0
70 NGC 4429 GiG 12 27 26.5040002440 +11 06 27.588767616   11.4       ~ 348 0
71 NGC 4435 GiG 12 27 40.503 +13 04 44.48 12.23 11.74 10.80     ~ 474 2
72 NGC 4459 H2G 12 29 00.0329905416 +13 58 42.826603332   11.6       ~ 567 0
73 NGC 4473 GiG 12 29 48.878 +13 25 45.55 11.60 11.16 10.20     ~ 671 1
74 NGC 4474 GiG 12 29 53.5396737408 +14 04 06.881708604   12.6       ~ 278 0
75 NGC 4476 GiG 12 29 59.0772974472 +12 20 55.292203464 13.28 13.01 12.19     ~ 340 1
76 NGC 4477 Sy2 12 30 02.1955766304 +13 38 11.543715888 11.98 11.38 10.42     ~ 419 2
77 NAME Virgo Cluster ClG 12 30 47.8 +12 23 07           ~ 7107 0
78 M 87 AGN 12 30 49.42338414 +12 23 28.0436859 10.16 9.59 8.63   7.49 ~ 7815 3
79 NGC 4494 GiP 12 31 24.0391348536 +25 46 30.071664120   10.55 9.74     ~ 491 0
80 NGC 4521 GiP 12 32 47.6521626240 +63 56 21.065674776   13.0       ~ 92 0
81 NGC 4526 GiC 12 34 03.02853 +07 41 56.9040   10.6       ~ 707 0
82 NGC 4550 GiP 12 35 30.5913588048 +12 13 14.921166792 12.97 12.56 11.68     ~ 558 1
83 NGC 4596 GiP 12 39 55.9544722920 +10 10 34.185047628   12.4       ~ 387 0
84 2MASX J12411596-0500330 GiG 12 41 15.9755646168 -05 00 32.766535404   14.96       ~ 48 0
85 NGC 4612 GiG 12 41 32.7539216616 +07 18 53.535354804   11.90       ~ 228 1
86 M 59 GiG 12 42 02.2581375168 +11 38 48.909507756   11.0       ~ 721 0
87 NGC 4636 LIN 12 42 49.8333280080 +02 41 15.951929028   12.62 11.84     ~ 1156 1
88 NGC 4643 LIN 12 43 20.1435647088 +01 58 41.716062264   11.9       ~ 286 0
89 NGC 4684 GiG 12 47 17.5097110680 -02 43 38.661355884   12.4       ~ 153 0
90 NGC 4690 GiG 12 47 55.5227576592 -01 39 21.805729344   14.0       ~ 69 0
91 NGC 4694 AGN 12 48 15.091 +10 59 01.05   13.93 13.36     ~ 302 0
92 NGC 4697 GiG 12 48 35.8981498824 -05 48 02.482374564   10.97   9.83   ~ 895 0
93 NGC 4710 H2G 12 49 38.958 +15 09 55.76   11.6       ~ 329 0
94 NGC 4753 GiG 12 52 22.112 -01 11 58.88 11.26 10.85 9.95     ~ 288 1
95 ACO 1656 ClG 12 59 44.40 +27 54 44.9           ~ 5141 2
96 NGC 5103 GiG 13 20 30.1029602496 +43 05 02.219249040   13.6       ~ 100 0
97 NGC 5173 GiP 13 28 25.2798599736 +46 35 29.890508928   13.10       ~ 153 1
98 NGC 5273 Sy1 13 42 08.3801616672 +35 39 15.467518836   14.01 13.12     ~ 510 0
99 NGC 5322 SyG 13 49 15.24 +60 11 25.8   11.3       ~ 432 2
100 NGC 5353 rG 13 53 26.7104646981 +40 16 59.200050598   11.8   10.57   ~ 309 1
101 NGC 5355 GiP 13 53 45.5694778488 +40 20 19.254210180   14.0   13.08   ~ 126 0
102 NGC 5379 GiP 13 55 34.347 +59 44 34.17   14.1       ~ 108 0
103 NGC 5422 GiG 14 00 42.0190513968 +55 09 51.863031684   13.1       ~ 164 0
104 NGC 5481 AG? 14 06 41.2682134344 +50 43 23.823257124   13.5       ~ 136 0
105 NGC 5485 LIN 14 07 11.3594809920 +55 00 06.084219996 14.34 13.82 12.22     ~ 267 0
106 NGC 5493 GiG 14 11 29.3792026752 -05 02 36.999208608   13.5       ~ 110 0
107 NGC 5582 GiP 14 20 43.1108121696 +39 41 36.927369816   13.0       ~ 128 0
108 NGC 5631 Sy2 14 26 33.2913328320 +56 34 57.424681848   13.51 12.55     ~ 204 0
109 IC 1024 GiG 14 31 27.221 +03 00 32.78   13.87       ~ 127 1
110 Z 192-59 AG? 14 46 21.127 +34 22 14.34   14.4       ~ 103 0
111 M 102 SyG 15 06 29.561 +55 45 47.91 11.12 10.74 9.89     ~ 578 2
112 NGC 6014 G 15 55 57.4094044224 +05 55 55.125528852   13.8       ~ 105 0
113 NGC 6017 AG? 15 57 15.4406348832 +05 59 54.256163604   13.8       ~ 75 0
114 Z 51-21 AG? 16 02 11.6151683568 +07 05 09.904216668   15.0       ~ 65 0
115 Z 52-15 AG? 16 26 04.2968240808 +02 54 23.887533672   15.4       ~ 66 0
116 NGC 6149 LIN 16 27 24.2315841696 +19 35 49.852602960   14.8       ~ 63 0
117 NGC 6278 GiP 17 00 50.3235598776 +23 00 39.735179064   13.8       ~ 173 0
118 Z 113-24 AG? 18 09 26.580 +19 07 03.65   15.1       ~ 42 0
119 NGC 6798 AG? 19 24 03.1663172664 +53 37 29.387614044   14.5       ~ 69 0
120 NGC 7332 GiP 22 37 24.5373044952 +23 47 53.830708800   12.0       ~ 391 0
121 NGC 7465 Sy2 23 02 00.9603717552 +15 57 53.236032120   13.3       ~ 333 0
122 NGC 7710 EmG 23 35 46.1540934744 -02 52 51.368362968   15   13.44   ~ 59 0

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