2012ApJ...748...50C

We use the new 4 Ms exposure of the Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S) field obtained with the Chandra X-ray satellite to investigate the properties of the faintest X-ray sources over a wide range of redshifts. We use an optimized averaging procedure to investigate the weighted mean X-ray fluxes of optically selected sources in the CDF-S over the redshift range z = 0-8 and down to 0.5-2 keV fluxes as low as 5x10^–19 erg/cm2/s. None of the samples of sources at high redshifts (z > 5) show any significant flux, and at z = 6.5 we place an upper limit on the X-ray luminosity of 4x10⁴¹ erg/s in the rest-frame 3.75-15 keV band for the sample of Bouwens et al. This is consistent with any X-ray production in the galaxies being solely due to star formation. At lower redshifts, we find significant weighted mean X-ray fluxes in many samples of sources over the redshift range z = 0-4. We use these to argue that (1) the relation between star formation and X-ray production remains invariant over this redshift range, (2) X-ray sources below the direct detection threshold in the CDF-S are primarily star forming, and (3) there is full consistency between UV and X-ray estimations of the star formation history.