2012MNRAS.425.1917S

Query : 2012MNRAS.425.1917S

2012MNRAS.425.1917S - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 425, 1917-1933 (2012/September-3)

Berkeley supernova Ia program – IV. Carbon detection in early-time optical spectra of type Ia supernovae.

SILVERMAN J.M. and FILIPPENKO A.V.

Abstract (from CDS):

While O is often seen in spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) as both unburned fuel and a product of C burning, C is only occasionally seen at the earliest times and represents the most direct way of investigating primordial white dwarf material and its relation to SN Ia explosion scenarios and mechanisms. In this paper, we search for C absorption features in 188 optical spectra of 144 low-redshift (z < 0.1) SNe Ia with ages ≲ 3.6d after maximum brightness. These data were obtained as part of the Berkeley Supernova Ia Program (BSNIP) and represent the largest set of SNe Ia in which C has ever been searched. We find that ∼ 11per cent of the SNe studied show definite C absorption features, while ∼ 25per cent show some evidence for CII in their spectra. Also, if one obtains a spectrum at ≲ -5d, then there is a better than 30per cent chance of detecting a distinct absorption feature from CII. SNe Ia that show C are found to resemble those without C in many respects, but objects with C tend to have bluer optical colours than those without C. The typical expansion velocity of the CII λ6580 feature is measured to be 12000–13000 km/s, and the ratio of the CII λ6580 to SiII λ6355 velocities is remarkably constant with time and among different objects with a median value of ∼ 1.05. While the pseudo-equivalent widths (pEWs) of the CII λλ6580 and 7234 features are found mostly to decrease with time, we see evidence of a significant increase in pEW between ∼ 12 and 11d before maximum brightness, which is actually predicted by some theoretical models. The range of pEWs measured from the BSNIP data implies a range of C masses in SN Ia ejecta of about (2–30) x 10–3 M☉.

Marc J. Staley Fellow.


Abstract Copyright: 2012 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2012 RAS

Journal keyword(s): methods: data analysis - techniques: spectroscopic - supernovae: general.

Simbad objects: 151

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Number of rows : 151
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 SN 2006sr SN* 00 03 35.023 +23 11 45.67     17.4     SNIa 58 1
2 SN 2000dg SN* 00 06 13.81 +08 53 17.5     17.8     SNIa 26 1
3 SN 2002hw SN* 00 06 49.06 +08 37 48.5     16.8     SNIa 49 1
4 SN 1998dk SN* 00 14 32.16 -00 44 10.9   14.93       SNIa 65 1
5 SNF 20071021-000 SN* 00 15 00.089 +16 19 59.35           SNIa 17 1
6 SN 2007A SN* 00 25 16.66 +12 53 12.5     16.0     SNIa 82 1
7 SN 2005hk SN* 00 27 50.89 -01 11 53.3   15.92       SNIax 240 1
8 SN 2006ej SN* 00 38 59.77 -09 00 56.6   16.0 16.4     SNIa 78 1
9 SN 2006et SN* 00 42 45.82 -23 33 30.4     16.1     SNIa 82 1
10 SN 2006gt SN* 00 56 17.30 -01 37 46.0     18.5     SNIap 67 1
11 SN 1998ef SN* 01 03 26.87 +32 14 12.4   15.21       SNIa 75 1
12 SN 2000dk SN* 01 07 23.52 +32 24 23.2   15.63 15.2     SNIa 109 1
13 SN 2000cx SN* 01 24 46.150 +09 30 30.89           SNIap 227 1
14 SN 1998dm SN* 01 26 13.97 -06 06 14.0   14.70       SNIa 71 1
15 SN 1999dk SN* 01 31 26.92 +14 17 05.7   15.06       SNIa 83 1
16 SN 1998es SN* 01 37 17.60 +05 52 50.6   13.99       SNIapec 128 1
17 SN 2001eh SN* 01 38 12.10 +41 39 18.8     16.5     SNIa 59 1
18 SN 2002eu SN* 01 49 43.60 +32 37 43.0     17.4     SNIa 41 1
19 SN 2005W SN* 01 50 45.75 +21 45 35.6     15.2     SNIa 62 1
20 SN 2002fb SN* 01 57 48.90 +36 20 26.3     17.1     SNIapec 36 1
21 SN 2004fz SN* 02 01 06.41 +31 52 44.2     15.9     SNIa 33 1
22 SN 2004dt SN* 02 02 12.770 -00 05 51.50           SNIa 150 1
23 SN 2006ef SN* 02 04 19.529 -08 43 42.49     15.6     SNIa 65 1
24 SN 2005lz SN* 02 10 49.728 +34 58 57.83     17.8     SNIa 40 1
25 SN 2002hu SN* 02 18 20.028 +37 27 58.57   16.83       SNIa 55 1
26 SN 2008hs SN* 02 25 29.62 +41 50 35.1           SNIa 35 1
27 SN 2005eu SN* 02 27 43.30 +28 10 37.8     17.6     SNIa 67 2
28 SN 1999dq SN* 02 33 59.68 +20 58 30.4   14.68       SNIapec 126 1
29 SN 2003iv SN* 02 50 07.244 +12 50 45.28     17.2     SNIa 45 1
30 SN 2005eq SN* 03 08 49.31 -07 01 59.7     17.4     SNIa 95 1
31 SN 2007on SN* 03 38 50.90 -35 34 30.0       14.9   SNIa 153 1
32 SN 2006kf SN* 03 41 50.48 +08 09 25.0     17.4     SNIa 78 1
33 SN 2006lf SN* 04 38 29.49 +44 02 01.5     18.0     SNIa 65 1
34 SN 2001ep SN* 04 57 00.26 -04 45 40.2     17.1     SNIa 78 1
35 SN 2006le SN* 05 00 41.99 +62 15 19.0     18.0     SNIa 71 1
36 SN 2005el SN* 05 11 48.76 +05 11 39.0     18.7     SNIa 118 1
37 SN 2006ke SN* 05 52 37.38 +66 49 00.5     18.7     SNIa 23 1
38 SN 2003kf SN* 06 04 35.42 -12 37 42.8     14.8     SNIa 76 1
39 SN 2006N SN* 06 08 31.24 +64 43 25.1     15.0     SNIa 66 1
40 SN 2001ex SN* 06 55 59.89 +55 24 03.0     17.2     SNIa 24 1
41 SN 2005na SN* 07 01 36.62 +14 07 59.7     16.1     SNIa 82 1
42 SN 2000fa SN* 07 15 29.88 +23 25 42.4   15.85       SNIa 90 1
43 SN 1997do SN* 07 26 42.50 +47 05 36.0   14.27       SNIa 74 1
44 SN 1995E SN* 07 51 56.75 +73 00 34.6   16.81 15.9     SNIa 122 1
45 SN 2002he SN* 08 19 58.804 +62 49 13.73     17.5     SNIapec 58 1
46 SN 1999aa SN* 08 27 42.03 +21 29 14.8           SNIap 274 1
47 SN 2007bd SN* 08 31 33.281 -01 11 57.98           SNIa 100 1
48 SN 2004gs SN* 08 38 23.179 +17 37 39.79     17.1     SNIa 77 1
49 SN 1999gd SN* 08 38 24.61 +25 45 33.1   16.94       SNIa 72 1
50 SN 2005ms SN* 08 49 14.322 +36 07 46.70     17.9     SNIa 57 1
51 SN 2003Y SN* 08 54 34.60 +57 10 19.8     17.4     SNIa 36 1
52 SN 2001fe SN* 09 37 57.023 +25 29 40.85     16.0     SNIa 68 1
53 SN 2008Z SN* 09 43 15.25 +36 17 03.9     17.2     SNIa 46 1
54 SN 2003W SN* 09 46 49.48 +16 02 37.6     17.3     SNIa 76 1
55 SN 2007al SN* 09 59 18.48 -19 28 25.8     16.6     SNIa 38 1
56 SN 2002bf SN* 10 15 42.316 +55 40 07.35   16.22       SNIa 69 1
57 SN 2002bo SN* 10 18 06.51 +21 49 41.7   13.95       SNIa 325 1
58 SN 2005ki SN* 10 40 28.220 +09 12 08.21           SNIa 100 1
59 SN 2008bt SN* 10 50 16.99 -12 06 31.5           SNIa 27 1
60 SN 2007bc SN* 11 19 14.570 +20 48 32.51           SNIa 78 1
61 SN 2006ax SN* 11 24 03.46 -12 17 29.2     17.1     SNIa 109 1
62 SN 2007bm SN* 11 25 02.30 -09 47 53.8     16.0     SNIa 62 1
63 SN 2004as SN* 11 25 39.185 +22 49 49.04     17.3     SNIa 56 1
64 SN 2007ci SN* 11 45 45.85 +19 46 13.9     17.5     SNIa 61 1
65 SN 2006or SN* 11 48 03.47 +30 21 24.0     16.3     SNIa 36 1
66 SN 2003cq SN* 11 56 14.17 +60 31 19.1     17.0     SNIa 52 1
67 SN 2007gi SN* 12 01 23.42 +61 53 33.8     16.3     SNIa 53 1
68 SN 2006cp SN* 12 19 14.89 +22 25 38.2     18.2     SNIa 74 1
69 SN 2006X SN* 12 22 53.93 +15 48 32.0     15.3     SNIa 347 1
70 SN 2008ar SN* 12 24 37.921 +10 50 16.74     16.9     SNIa 69 1
71 SN 1991bg SN* 12 25 03.70 +12 52 15.6   14.75 14.3     SNIapec 612 1
72 SN 2004br SN* 12 31 07.80 +00 36 47.6     16.3     SNIapec 35 1
73 SN 1994S SN* 12 31 21.85 +29 08 04.0   14.80 14.77     SNIa 120 1
74 SN 1994D SN* 12 34 02.395 +07 42 05.70   11.75 12.03     SNIa 559 1
75 SN 1989M SN* 12 37 40.72 +11 49 25.5   12.56 12.2     SNIa 76 1
76 SN 1997Y SN* 12 45 31.40 +54 44 17.0   15.28       SNIa 61 1
77 SN 2006S SN* 12 45 39.10 +35 05 12.4     17.0     SNIa 72 1
78 SN 2007N SN* 12 49 01.25 -09 27 10.2     17.3     SNIap 49 1
79 SN 2002cf SN* 12 54 31.30 -06 51 24.8     17.0     SNIa 29 1
80 SN 2007bz SN* 12 56 53.77 +22 22 22.1       16.7   SNIa 36 1
81 SN 2006cj SN* 12 59 24.42 +28 20 51.6     18.1     SNIa 46 1
82 SN 2008dx SN* 13 00 14.31 +27 57 16.4           SNIa 22 1
83 SN 2006bz SN* 13 00 43.38 +27 57 41.8     17.5     SNIa 36 1
84 SN 2007F SN* 13 03 15.059 +50 37 07.53     17.3     SNIa 71 1
85 SN 2002dj SN* 13 13 00.34 -19 31 08.7     17.0     SNIa 134 1
86 SN 2002cx SN* 13 13 49.72 +06 57 31.9   17.68       SNIapec 240 1
87 SN 1997br SN* 13 20 42.40 -22 02 12.3   14.06       SNIapec 113 1
88 SN 2006cq SN* 13 24 25.038 +30 57 22.32     17.3     SNIa 42 1
89 SNF 20080514-002 SN* 13 29 12.84 +11 16 20.5           SNIa 47 0
90 SN 2007ca SN* 13 31 05.81 -15 06 06.6     16.7     SNIa 74 1
91 SN 2005dv SN* 13 41 04.45 +67 40 20.3     15.0     SNIa 24 1
92 SN 2006cs SN* 13 45 33.89 +35 36 36.6     17.8     SNIa 29 1
93 SN 2011fe SN* 14 03 05.711 +54 16 25.22   10.12 10.06     SNIa-norm 747 1
94 M 101 GiP 14 03 12.583 +54 20 55.50   8.46 7.86 7.76   ~ 3138 2
95 SN 2002cr SN* 14 06 37.59 -05 26 21.9     16.5     SNIa 83 1
96 SN 2007af SN* 14 22 21.03 -00 23 37.6     15.4     SNIa 185 1
97 SN 2003du SN* 14 34 35.80 +59 20 03.8   13.46       SNIa 374 1
98 SN 2005bc SN* 14 37 15.050 +38 27 23.11     16.6     SNIa 41 1
99 SN 2006cz SN* 14 48 36.66 -04 44 30.7     17.4     SNIa 32 1
100 SN 2007O SN* 14 56 05.160 +45 24 17.39     16.8     SNIa 47 1
101 SN 2005ag SN* 14 56 43.649 +09 19 42.49           SNIa 52 1
102 SN 2004bw SN* 15 03 46.75 -03 18 16.4     17.8     SNIa 36 1
103 SN 2005cf SN* 15 21 33.12 -07 26 57.1   13.54       SNIa 301 1
104 SN 2002ck SN* 15 47 00.762 -00 59 24.94     16.8     SNIa 52 1
105 SN 2006bt SN* 15 56 33.81 +20 03 07.2     17.5     SNIap 114 1
106 SN 2000cp SN* 16 05 27.62 +17 49 48.8     18.0     SNIa 33 1
107 SN 1999ac SN* 16 07 15.01 +07 58 20.4   14.34       SNIap 144 1
108 SN 2002de SN* 16 16 30.333 +35 42 30.09     16.0     SNIa 57 1
109 SN 2001az SN* 16 34 27.477 +76 01 46.35     17.1     SNIa 40 1
110 SN 2002aw SN* 16 37 29.06 +40 52 50.3     16.6     SNIa 41 1
111 SN 2007gk SN* 16 45 18.22 +67 55 50.0     18.9     SNIa 12 1
112 SN 2001cp SN* 17 11 02.58 +05 50 26.8     16.5     SNIa 45 1
113 SN 2002er SN* 17 11 29.88 +07 59 44.8   14.25       SNIa 144 1
114 SN 2003U SN* 17 22 45.630 +62 09 50.65     18.0     SNIa 55 1
115 SN 1999da SN* 17 35 22.96 +60 48 49.3   16.84       SNIa 68 1
116 SN 2005ao SN* 17 44 49.64 +61 54 28.1     16.7     SNIa 26 1
117 SN 2001bf SN* 18 01 33.99 +26 15 02.3     16.5     SNIa 48 1
118 SN 2005de SN* 18 02 23.359 +26 03 07.70     18.1     SNIa 48 1
119 SN 2002cu SN* 18 10 50.40 +31 06 32.3     17.6     SNIa 26 1
120 SN 2002dk SN* 18 17 43.52 +22 14 53.4     18.0     SNIa 22 1
121 SN 2000dm SN* 18 18 58.97 +16 14 53.4     16.1     SNIa 37 1
122 SN 2007co SN* 18 23 03.60 +29 53 49.6 17.1 17.1 17.0     SNIa 72 1
123 SN 2001br SN* 18 30 25.55 +34 06 13.0     16.6     SNIa 38 1
124 SN 2002cs SN* 18 46 59.96 +45 42 19.7     16.3     SNIa 43 1
125 SN 2002cd SN* 20 23 34.42 +58 20 47.4     17.5     SNIa 42 1
126 SN 2004bv SN* 20 25 06.34 -24 48 53.7     15.6     SNIa 42 1
127 SN 2004eo SN* 20 32 54.19 +09 55 42.7   15.07 17.8     SNIa 225 1
128 SN 2003gt SN* 20 32 59.12 +09 52 19.3     16.4     SNIa 33 1
129 SN 2004fu SN* 20 35 11.54 +64 48 25.7     16.8     SNIa 33 1
130 SN 2002ha SN* 20 47 18.596 +00 18 45.36     17.3     SNIa 89 1
131 SN 2006cm SN* 21 20 17.460 -01 41 02.69     16.6     SNIa 47 1
132 SN 2007fr SN* 21 37 08.3 +00 26 47           SNIa 26 1
133 SN 2004ey SN* 21 49 07.81 +00 26 39.2     16.0     SNIa 78 1
134 SNF 20080909-030 SN* 22 01 49.070 +13 03 19.10           SNIa 18 1
135 SN 2007cq SN* 22 14 40.41 +05 04 48.6     15.8     SNIa 72 1
136 SN 2008ei SN* 22 17 33.25 +33 15 21.3           SNIa 19 1
137 SN 2002eb SN* 22 19 05.24 +24 35 39.8     18.5     SNIa 40 1
138 SN 2006gr SN* 22 32 22.67 +30 49 43.3     18.8     SNIa 69 1
139 SN 2003gn SN* 22 33 51.68 +20 48 08.5     18.4     SNIa 32 1
140 SN 2004ef SN* 22 42 10.020 +19 59 39.88           SNIa 107 1
141 SN 2005er SN* 22 50 00.84 +11 37 05.7     18.7     SNIapec 17 1
142 SN 2007hj SN* 23 01 47.89 +15 35 11.4     15.9     SNIa 59 1
143 SN 2008ec SN* 23 03 16.560 +08 52 19.81           SNIa 64 1
144 SN 2000dn SN* 23 05 05.86 -03 12 01.0     17.9     SNIa 49 1
145 SN 2008ha SN* 23 34 52.69 +18 13 35.4           SNIax 203 1
146 SN 2007le SN* 23 38 48.45 -06 31 21.7     15.2     SNIa 139 1
147 SN 2001da SN* 23 53 32.78 +08 07 02.6     16.5     SNIa 58 1
148 SN 2007qe SN* 23 54 12.98 +27 24 33.0     17.4     SNIa 52 1
149 SN 2007fb SN* 23 56 52.37 +05 30 31.8     15.7     SNIa 46 1
150 SN 2005iq SN* 23 58 32.50 -18 42 33.0     17.2     SNIa 80 1
151 SN 2003he SN* 23 58 57.05 -02 14 53.1     18.7     SNIa 30 1

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