2012MNRAS.427.3468B

Query : 2012MNRAS.427.3468B

2012MNRAS.427.3468B - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 427, 3468-3488 (2012/December-3)

The duty cycle of radio-mode feedback in complete samples of clusters.

BIRZAN L., RAFFERTY D.A., NULSEN P.E.J., McNAMARA B.R., ROTTGERING H.J.A., WISE M.W. and MITTAL R.

Abstract (from CDS):

The Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed X-ray bubbles in the intracluster medium (ICM) of many nearby cooling-flow clusters. The bubbles trace feedback that is thought to couple the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) to the ICM, helping to stabilize cooling flows and govern the evolution of massive galaxies. However, the prevalence and duty cycle of such AGN outbursts is not well understood. To this end, we study how cooling is balanced by bubble heating for complete samples of clusters (the Brightest 55 clusters of galaxies, hereafter B55, and the HIghest X-ray FLUx Galaxy Cluster Sample, HIFLUGCS). We find that the radio luminosity of the central galaxy only exceeds 2.5 x 1030erg/s/Hz in cooling-flow clusters. This result implies a connection between the central radio source and the ICM, as expected if AGN feedback is operating. Additionally, we find a duty cycle for radio-mode feedback, the fraction of time that a system possesses bubbles inflated by its central radio source, of ≳ 69 per cent for the B55 and ≳ 63 per cent for the HIFLUGCS. These duty cycles are lower limits since some bubbles are likely missed in existing images. We used simulations to constrain the bubble power that might be present and remain undetected in the cooling-flow systems without detected bubbles. Among theses systems, almost all could have significant bubble power. Therefore, our results imply that the duty cycle of AGN outbursts with the potential to heat the gas significantly in cooling-flow clusters is at least 60per cent and could approach 100per cent.

Abstract Copyright: © 2012 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2012 RAS

Journal keyword(s): radio continuum: galaxies - X-rays: galaxies: clusters

Simbad objects: 177

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Number of rows : 177
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 ACO 32 ClG 00 26 55.5 -09 02 23           ~ 12 0
2 ACO 37 ClG 00 27 56 -10 31.4           ~ 6 0
3 ACO 76 ClG 00 40 16.1031 +06 52 46.226           ~ 138 2
4 ACO 79 ClG 00 40 37 +18 08.5           ~ 19 0
5 ACO 82 ClG 00 41 19.500 +25 26 18.90           ~ 22 0
6 ACO 83 ClG 00 41 24 +14 02.4           ~ 6 0
7 ACO 85 ClG 00 41 36.21 -09 19 30.4           ~ 974 0
8 MCG-02-02-086 rG 00 41 50.45002 -09 18 11.4633   14 13.52 12.94   ~ 154 1
9 ACO 86 ClG 00 42 28 -21 47.6           ~ 35 0
10 ACO 119 ClG 00 56 08.57 -01 12 00.8           ~ 577 2
11 LEDA 73498 GiC 00 56 17.9006684616 -01 15 43.698710520   17.7012863 16.6861992     ~ 10 0
12 ACO 123 ClG 00 58 23 -14 23.8           ~ 18 0
13 MCG-04-03-044 rG 01 02 41.43 -21 52 41.8   14.54 15.1 12.94   ~ 77 3
14 ACO 133 ClG 01 02 41.5 -21 52 53           ~ 391 1
15 ACO 148 ClG 01 07 59 -13 11.0           ~ 7 0
16 NAME NGC 507 Group GrG 01 23 39.91 +33 15 21.8           ~ 82 0
17 NGC 507 rG 01 23 39.950 +33 15 22.22   13.0       ~ 459 1
18 NGC 708 rG 01 52 46.482 +36 09 06.53 14.85 14.27 13.29 12.67 12.09 ~ 259 3
19 ACO 262 ClG 01 52 50.4 +36 08 46           ~ 727 1
20 2A 0251+413 ClG 02 54 26.6 +41 33 25           ~ 328 1
21 NGC 1129 BiC 02 54 27.400 +41 34 46.70   14.6 13.6     ~ 126 1
22 ACO 400 ClG 02 57 37.4 +06 00 45           ~ 408 3
23 NAME 3C 75A rG 02 57 41.5615453872 +06 01 36.883348716   14.7       ~ 65 2
24 3C 75 PaG 02 57 41.64 +06 01 28.0           ~ 312 1
25 NAME 3C 75B BiC 02 57 41.6504998440 +06 01 20.713258848   14.7       ~ 37 1
26 MCG+02-08-039 BiC 02 57 53.087 +13 01 50.87   16.5       ~ 21 0
27 ACO 399 ClG 02 57 56.4 +13 00 59           ~ 420 0
28 ACO 401 ClG 02 58 50.3 +13 34 07           ~ 592 0
29 MCG+02-08-044 BiC 02 58 57.8089566792 +13 34 58.033575084   15.24       ~ 28 0
30 ACO 3112 ClG 03 17 52.9 -44 15 06           ~ 329 1
31 ESO 248-6 QSO 03 17 57.67946154 -44 14 17.1632318   14.85   13.16   ~ 85 3
32 ACO 426 ClG 03 19 47.6 +41 30 54           ~ 2508 1
33 NGC 1275 Bla 03 19 48.1599902040 +41 30 42.108850836   13.10 12.48 11.09   ~ 4243 3
34 NGC 1399 rG 03 38 29.083 -35 27 02.67 11.05 9.74 9.59 8.12   ~ 1636 1
35 ACO S 373 ClG 03 38 29.4 -35 27 08           ~ 2029 0
36 ZwCl 0335+0956 ClG 03 38 35.3 +09 57 54           ~ 402 1
37 2MASX J03384056+0958119 LIN 03 38 40.568 +09 58 11.94   16.5       ~ 43 1
38 BAX 055.3242+15.3961 ClG 03 41 16.9 +15 24 27           ~ 45 0
39 2MASX J03411752+1523477 BiC 03 41 17.5329189192 +15 23 47.567775336   17.5       ~ 46 1
40 LEDA 13641 BiC 03 42 52.9677368568 -53 37 52.547974500   16.15       ~ 25 1
41 ESO 156-8 BiC 03 43 00.4436522688 -53 38 17.280174300   15.55   13.64   ~ 35 2
42 ACO 3158 ClG 03 43 07.5 -53 38 09           ~ 327 0
43 ACO 478 ClG 04 13 24.8 +10 27 52           ~ 522 0
44 2MASX J04132526+1027551 BiC 04 13 25.266 +10 27 55.14           ~ 24 1
45 NAME NGC 1550 Group ClG 04 19 37.93 +02 24 34.1           ~ 45 0
46 NGC 1550 BiC 04 19 37.9450450152 +02 24 35.918168940   14.0       ~ 183 1
47 ClG 0422-09 ClG 04 25 51.02 -08 33 38.5           ~ 97 0
48 MCG-01-12-005 BLL 04 25 51.336 -08 33 38.98   15.5   16.9   ~ 45 3
49 ESO 118-30 IG 04 31 12.8 -61 27 09           ~ 20 1
50 ACO 3266 ClG 04 31 26.4 -61 25 17           ~ 447 0
51 MCG-02-12-039 rG 04 33 37.8465077496 -13 15 42.989961204   13.95 14.22     ~ 104 2
52 ACO 496 ClG 04 33 40.8 -13 14 34           ~ 728 2
53 ACO 500 ClG 04 38 55.0 -22 05 55           ~ 89 0
54 LEDA 16124 rG 04 50 06.685 +45 03 05.74   19       ~ 70 1
55 RXC J0450.0+4501 ClG 04 50 13.9 +45 03 17           ~ 45 1
56 ACO 3376 ClG 06 01 25.000 -39 59 51.00           ~ 334 0
57 2MASX J06020973-3956597 BiC 06 02 09.7171806672 -39 56 59.386182324   14   13.93   ~ 27 0
58 ACO 3391 ClG 06 26 15.4 -53 40 52           ~ 222 1
59 ESO 161-7 IG 06 26 21.49 -53 41 09.2   14.48 15.4 15.16   ~ 77 2
60 [HJ96] A3395S ClG 06 26 46.1 -54 32 43           ~ 7 0
61 LEDA 19057 LIN 06 26 49.5758024688 -54 32 34.581523416   15.83 16 13.52   ~ 50 1
62 ACO 576 ClG 07 21 24.1 +55 44 20           ~ 312 1
63 Z 261-56 BiC 07 21 30.2748806208 +55 45 41.806138500   15.62       ~ 27 1
64 LEDA 20784 GiC 07 21 32.5 +55 45 24           ~ 16 0
65 ZwCl 0735+7421 ClG 07 41 40.3 +74 14 58     17.70     ~ 273 0
66 PKS 0745-19 rG 07 47 31.3247085936 -19 17 40.013334276   19.60       ~ 422 1
67 ClG 0745-1910 ClG 07 47 32.4 -19 18 23           ~ 378 0
68 2MASX J08172559-0730455 BiC 08 17 25.598 -07 30 45.59   17.23 15.94 15.24   ~ 20 0
69 ACO 644 ClG 08 17 26.1 -07 31 13           ~ 241 0
70 ACO 754 ClG 09 09 14.8 -09 40 35           ~ 695 1
71 2MASX J09091923-0941591 BiC 09 09 19.2004483464 -09 41 59.088641460   14   14.05   ~ 30 0
72 MCG-02-24-007 LIN 09 18 05.66848602 -12 05 43.8060823   14.38 14.8     ~ 1077 1
73 ACO 780 ClG 09 18 30 -12 15.7           ~ 469 0
74 ACO 1000 ClG 10 24 54 +50 10.8           ~ 8 0
75 NGC 3309 rG 10 36 35.6607096792 -27 31 05.732321664   11.98 11.78 10.34 10.51 ~ 167 0
76 NAME Hydra I Cluster ClG 10 36 36.0 -27 31 04           ~ 905 1
77 NGC 3311 EmG 10 36 42.821 -27 31 42.02   11.93 10.93 10.00 9.67 ~ 310 2
78 ACO 1068 ClG 10 40 47.1 +39 57 19           ~ 232 0
79 NGC 3842 BiC 11 44 02.155 +19 56 59.37 14.22 13.70 11.82 12.04   ~ 308 3
80 ACO 1367 ClG 11 44 44.6 +19 41 59           ~ 1127 1
81 NGC 3862 Sy2 11 45 05.00904503 +19 36 22.7409909   14.98 13.97     ~ 646 1
82 NGC 4073 BiC 12 04 27.0598775760 +01 53 45.611893752   13.8 13.21 14.249   ~ 211 1
83 NAME NGC 4073 Group GrG 12 04 44.08 +01 48 40.9     13.53     ~ 292 0
84 LEDA 39445 rG 12 17 41.12563 +03 39 21.0465   14.94       ~ 26 2
85 ZwCl 1215+0400 ClG 12 17 43.62 +03 38 51.5           ~ 169 0
86 NAME Virgo A Cluster GrG 12 30 49.2 +12 23 30           ~ 154 0
87 M 87 AGN 12 30 49.42338414 +12 23 28.0436859 10.16 9.59 8.63   7.49 ~ 7815 3
88 NAME NGC 4636 Group GrG 12 42 49.5 +02 41 08           ~ 570 0
89 NGC 4636 LIN 12 42 49.8333280080 +02 41 15.951929028   12.62 11.84     ~ 1156 1
90 ACO 3526 ClG 12 48 49.2 -41 18 17           ~ 1154 2
91 NGC 4696 rG 12 48 49.2724775784 -41 18 39.304053252   11.21   10.7   ~ 510 3
92 2MASX J12571157-1724344 LIN 12 57 11.580 -17 24 34.47   13.50   12.56   ~ 62 2
93 ACO 1644 ClG 12 57 11.6 -17 24 34           ~ 391 1
94 ACO 3532 ClG 12 57 19.2 -30 22 13           ~ 185 2
95 2MASX J12572091-3021245 GiC 12 57 20.9417343768 -30 21 24.385869864   17.27   15.91 15.28 ~ 6 0
96 2dFGRS TGN256Z066 BiC 12 58 41.495 -01 45 41.02   15.93   14.14   ~ 24 0
97 ACO 1650 ClG 12 58 42.0 -01 45 45           ~ 325 0
98 LEDA 88678 EmG 12 59 22.4954602200 -04 11 45.934999800   15.96   14.20   ~ 21 1
99 ACO 1651 ClG 12 59 27.3 -04 10 49           ~ 307 0
100 NGC 4874 LIN 12 59 35.7093764280 +27 57 33.293892204 13.01 13.7 12.71 12.27 11.386 ~ 814 3
101 ACO 1656 ClG 12 59 44.40 +27 54 44.9           ~ 5141 2
102 ACO 1689 ClG 13 11 29.5 -01 20 28           ~ 1178 0
103 SDSS J131129.50-012027.9 BiC 13 11 29.510 -01 20 28.02   17.87 16.48 15.75 15.16 ~ 30 1
104 NAME NGC 5044 Group GrG 13 14 22.7 -16 32 04           ~ 186 0
105 NGC 5044 BiC 13 15 23.9607836592 -16 23 07.547751744   11.9   10.74   ~ 531 0
106 ESO 509-9 BiC 13 26 48.7059031512 -27 08 37.416975324   14.90   13.46 13.52 ~ 27 0
107 ACO 1736 ClG 13 26 52.1 -27 06 33           ~ 268 2
108 MCG-05-32-026 rG 13 27 56.884 -31 29 43.71   13.88 15 12.24 12.76 ~ 88 2
109 ACO 3558 ClG 13 28 03.2 -31 31 35           ~ 476 2
110 ACO 3562 ClG 13 33 31.8 -31 40 23           ~ 337 1
111 ESO 444-72 BiC 13 33 34.739 -31 40 20.16   14.40   12.83 13.42 ~ 53 0
112 MCG-05-33-002 rG 13 47 28.385 -32 51 54.02   13.02   11.53 12.50 ~ 67 1
113 ACO 3571 ClG 13 47 32.4 -32 50 12           ~ 308 2
114 ACO 1795 ClG 13 48 47.4 +26 34 55           ~ 1330 0
115 Z 162-10 LIN 13 48 52.4892734448 +26 35 34.353002688   14.0       ~ 241 2
116 IC 4374 Bla 14 07 29.76229070 -27 01 04.2916695   13.61   11.79 12.55 ~ 142 3
117 ACO 3581 ClG 14 07 29.8 -27 01 04           ~ 197 3
118 BAX 220.1796+03.4530 ClG 14 40 34.37 +03 29 49.7     14.31     ~ 131 0
119 NGC 5718 LIN 14 40 42.835 +03 27 55.52   14.6       ~ 73 1
120 ClG J1504-0248 ClG 15 04 07.4 -02 48 15           ~ 186 0
121 [VV2006] J150407.5-024816 Bla 15 04 07.51896914 -02 48 16.6232484   18.53 18.08     ~ 60 2
122 ACO 2029 ClG 15 10 54.2 +05 44 23           ~ 1020 0
123 IC 1101 rG 15 10 56.100 +05 44 41.19   15.10       ~ 165 2
124 ACO 2052 ClG 15 16 41.64 +07 01 45.5           ~ 756 1
125 Z 49-90 Sy2 15 16 44.4893939136 +07 01 17.825410740   15.19 14.17     ~ 463 4
126 ACT-CL J1521.8+0742 ClG 15 21 48.8 +07 43 41     15.13     ~ 326 0
127 NGC 5920 LIN 15 21 51.870 +07 42 31.97   15.5       ~ 137 1
128 ACO 2065 ClG 15 22 22.7 +27 44 20           ~ 398 0
129 MCG+05-36-022 rG 15 22 28.9069678392 +27 42 44.737810848   17.22       ~ 18 1
130 ACO 2063 ClG 15 23 01.8 +08 38 22           ~ 414 2
131 Z 77-97 rG 15 23 05.2995518184 +08 36 33.193663020   14.71       ~ 72 2
132 2MASX J15582002+2714000 BiC 15 58 20.000 +27 14 00.28   14.48       ~ 40 1
133 ACO 2142 ClG 15 58 26.5 +27 13 52           ~ 825 0
134 ACO 2147 ClG 16 02 11.96 +15 55 11.5           ~ 416 0
135 Z 108-73 rG 16 02 17.0257413888 +15 58 28.670337876   14.9       ~ 95 0
136 2MASX J16154140-0609076 rG 16 15 41.3682611520 -06 09 07.366528332           ~ 6 0
137 ACO 2163 ClG 16 15 46.1 -06 08 50           ~ 586 0
138 ACO 2199 ClG 16 28 34.5 +39 32 26           ~ 1206 1
139 NGC 6166 Sy2 16 28 38.24470063 +39 33 04.2335319   12.78 11.78     ~ 793 2
140 NVSS J163246+053434 Rad 16 32 46.9 +05 34 33   16.6       ~ 12 1
141 ACO 2204 ClG 16 32 47.7 +05 34 18           ~ 457 0
142 BAX 249.5848-64.5165 ClG 16 38 13.2 -64 21 21           ~ 123 0
143 ESO 101-4 G 16 38 18.2454371352 -64 21 36.398553300   14.66   12.64   ~ 13 1
144 Z 355-23 GiC 17 01 49.1984995680 +79 02 16.277532504   15.6       ~ 25 0
145 ACO 2244 ClG 17 02 40.33 +34 02 58.7           ~ 301 0
146 FIRST J170242.5+340337 rG 17 02 42.4914860544 +34 03 35.831926944   14.5       ~ 40 1
147 NGC 6331 GiG 17 03 35.8891347432 +78 37 44.065968348   14       ~ 19 1
148 ACO 2256 ClG 17 03 37.5 +78 37 23           ~ 928 1
149 Z 355-26 GiC 17 04 13.4489846976 +78 37 43.479069564   16       ~ 16 1
150 Z 355-27 rG 17 04 27.246 +78 38 26.03   15.5       ~ 32 1
151 Z 225-44 GiG 17 06 52.5409015272 +43 07 20.025272604   15.2       ~ 75 0
152 BAX 258.1082-23.3759 ClG 17 12 26.3 -23 21 38           ~ 303 0
153 2MASX J17122774-2322108 BiC 17 12 27.744 -23 22 10.82           ~ 22 0
154 LEDA 59831 rG 17 12 28.8000059448 +64 03 38.754457596           ~ 35 1
155 NAME ZwCl 1710.4+6401 B BiC 17 12 34.8919745136 +64 04 14.571584004           ~ 10 0
156 ACO 2255 ClG 17 12 56.0 +64 04 06           ~ 605 0
157 Z 230-7 BiC 19 21 10.0202476008 +43 56 44.124140724   15.3       ~ 26 1
158 ACO 2319 ClG 19 21 14.0 +43 56 57           ~ 495 1
159 MCG+07-41-003 Bla 19 59 28.35656837 +40 44 02.0972325   16.22 15.10     ~ 2537 2
160 BAX 299.8681+40.7339 ClG 19 59 30.3 +40 44 11           ~ 143 0
161 IC 4965 rG 20 12 27.3267265824 -56 49 36.418283220   14.42   13.17   ~ 34 1
162 ACO 3667 ClG 20 12 33.68 -56 50 26.3           ~ 676 1
163 ACO S 1101 ClG 23 13 58.5 -42 43 39           ~ 272 1
164 MCG-07-47-023 rG 23 13 58.6501915464 -42 43 39.089945856   14.68 14.6 14.537   ~ 56 3
165 NGC 7647 BiC 23 23 57.4310112528 +16 46 38.141670936   14.61 14.45     ~ 79 0
166 ACO 2589 ClG 23 24 00.5 +16 49 29           ~ 327 1
167 ACO 2597 ClG 23 25 19.70 -12 07 27.7           ~ 572 0
168 LEDA 71390 Sy1 23 25 19.72968960 -12 07 27.0814800   15.45 15.46     ~ 185 2
169 ACO 2634 ClG 23 38 18.4 +27 01 37           ~ 515 2
170 NGC 7720 Sy1 23 38 29.38324020 +27 01 53.2580084   13.9 13.3     ~ 565 4
171 ACO 2657 ClG 23 44 51.0 +09 08 40           ~ 280 3
172 ACO 4038 ClG 23 47 31.1 -28 12 10           ~ 349 3
173 IC 5358A rG 23 47 43.2 -28 08 38   14       ~ 24 0
174 IC 5358 rG 23 47 45.1086508608 -28 08 26.650470372   13.42 14.72 11.99   ~ 88 1
175 2MASX J23541371-1025084 LIN 23 54 13.6827414192 -10 25 08.481024912   15.32       ~ 55 2
176 MCG-06-01-008 QSO 23 57 00.7406438328 -34 45 32.994968292   13.89 13.26 12.19   ~ 131 2
177 ACO 4059 ClG 23 57 02.2 -34 45 58           ~ 400 1

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