2013ApJ...767..134V

Query : 2013ApJ...767..134V

2013ApJ...767..134V - Astrophys. J., 767, 134 (2013/April-3)

The distribution of alpha elements in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies.

VARGAS L.C., GEHA M., KIRBY E.N. and SIMON J.D.

Abstract (from CDS):

The Milky Way ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) galaxies contain some of the oldest, most metal-poor stars in the universe. We present [Mg/Fe], [Si/Fe], [Ca/Fe], [Ti/Fe], and mean [α/Fe] abundance ratios for 61 individual red giant branch stars across eight UFDs. This is the largest sample of alpha abundances published to date in galaxies with absolute magnitudes MV> -8, including the first measurements for Segue 1, Canes Venatici II, Ursa Major I, and Leo T. Abundances were determined via medium-resolution Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy and spectral synthesis. The sample spans the metallicity range -3.4 <[Fe/H] < -1.1. With the possible exception of Segue 1 and Ursa Major II, the individual UFDs show on average lower [α/Fe] at higher metallicities, consistent with enrichment from Type Ia supernovae. Thus, even the faintest galaxies have undergone at least a limited level of chemical self-enrichment. Together with recent photometric studies, this suggests that star formation in the UFDs was not a single burst, but instead lasted at least as much as the minimum time delay of the onset of Type Ia supernovae (∼100 Myr) and less than ∼2 Gyr. We further show that the combined population of UFDs has an [α/Fe] abundance pattern that is inconsistent with a flat, Galactic halo-like alpha abundance trend, and is also qualitatively different from that of the more luminous CVn I dSph, which does show a hint of a plateau at very low [Fe/H].

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: abundances - galaxies: dwarf - galaxies: evolution - Local Group

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/767/134): table1.dat table2.dat>

Nomenclature: Table 2: [VGK2013] JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s N=143.

Simbad objects: 155

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Number of rows : 155
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 [VGK2013] J084952.29+631651.6 RG* 08 49 52.2822464568 +63 16 51.328311348           ~ 3 0
2 [FSG2010] UMaII-S1 RG* 08 49 53.4624869976 +63 08 21.677104536           ~ 15 0
3 2MASS J08500183+6313327 RG* 08 50 01.8449265336 +63 13 32.795108364           ~ 3 0
4 NAME UMa II Galaxy G 08 51 30.0 +63 07 48     13.3     ~ 410 0
5 [VGK2013] J085212.28+630535.5 RG* 08 52 12.2873764752 +63 05 35.277323712           ~ 4 0
6 [FSG2010] UMaII-S2 RG* 08 52 33.5093638824 +63 05 01.103748900           F5 17 0
7 [FSG2010] UMaII-S3 RG* 08 52 59.0384316768 +63 05 54.601218996           F2 12 0
8 [VGK2013] J085303.51+630500.4 RG* 08 53 03.5286117576 +63 05 00.244299228           ~ 2 0
9 [VGK2013] J093449.78+170430.9 RG* 09 34 49.7764827960 +17 04 30.857320380           ~ 3 0
10 [VGK2013] J093451.14+170217.5 RG* 09 34 51.1429333464 +17 02 17.534591340           ~ 3 0
11 NAME Leo T G 09 34 53.4 +17 03 05     15.1     ~ 434 0
12 [VGK2013] J093454.50+170417.9 RG* 09 34 54.5032150080 +17 04 17.889856248           ~ 3 0
13 [VGK2013] J093457.28+170221.8 RG* 09 34 57.2776327032 +17 02 21.827916492           ~ 3 0
14 [VGK2013] J093501.08+170408.4 RG* 09 35 01.0781434680 +17 04 08.445443988           ~ 2 0
15 [VGK2013] J100652.33+160235.8 RG* 10 06 52.3299126744 +16 02 35.876254164           ~ 10 0
16 2MASS J10070245+1550553 RG* 10 07 02.4667272792 +15 50 55.265683272           ~ 7 0
17 NAME Segue 1 G 10 07 03.2 +16 04 25     15.3     ~ 517 1
18 [VGK2013] J100710.08+160623.9 RG* 10 07 10.0722875928 +16 06 23.972582304           ~ 9 0
19 [VGK2013] J100714.58+160154.5 RG* 10 07 14.5818689784 +16 01 54.577483428           ~ 13 0
20 2MASS J10074272+1601069 RG* 10 07 42.7140923520 +16 01 06.917328480           ~ 7 0
21 [VGK2013] J103353.31+515354.9 RG* 10 33 53.3107539600 +51 53 54.694069512           ~ 2 0
22 [VGK2013] J103422.12+515610.8 RG* 10 34 22.1137134648 +51 56 10.541836500           ~ 3 0
23 2MASS J10343105+5157005 RG* 10 34 31.1235268104 +51 57 01.074522276           ~ 4 0
24 [VGK2013] J103441.28+515512.4 RG* 10 34 41.2755190152 +51 55 12.132331680           ~ 3 0
25 [VGK2013] J103442.30+515759.6 RG* 10 34 42.2940906480 +51 57 59.369045184           ~ 3 0
26 [VGK2013] J103451.82+515825.9 RG* 10 34 51.8135969568 +51 58 25.587963912           ~ 4 0
27 NAME UMa I Galaxy G 10 34 52.80 +51 55 12.0     14.4     ~ 355 1
28 [VGK2013] J103503.53+515620.3 RG* 10 35 03.5308172112 +51 56 20.058432864           ~ 3 0
29 [VGK2013] J103506.89+515225.4 RG* 10 35 06.8895537216 +51 52 25.064292828           ~ 3 0
30 [VGK2013] J103517.56+515534.2 RG* 10 35 17.5602354768 +51 55 33.893707836           ~ 5 0
31 [KCG2013] UmaI 97 707 RG* 10 35 19.13 +51 53 59.6           ~ 3 0
32 2MASS J10352886+5157015 RG* 10 35 28.8588917232 +51 57 01.433250252           ~ 6 0
33 [VGK2013] J103536.68+515318.7 RG* 10 35 36.6743628384 +51 53 18.415485420           ~ 3 0
34 NAME Leo IV-S1 RG* 11 32 55.9959522600 -00 30 27.821242008           ~ 12 0
35 [VGK2013] J113256.96-003420.0 RG* 11 32 56.9572358928 -00 34 20.072093160           ~ 2 0
36 NAME Leo IV LSB 11 32 57.0 -00 32 00     15.1     ~ 419 1
37 [VGK2013] J113258.70-003450.0 RG* 11 32 58.7041047528 -00 34 49.963348452           ~ 4 0
38 [KCG2013] LeoIV 384 278 RG* 11 33 01.40 -00 32 03.1           ~ 2 0
39 [VGK2013] J122629.01+240403.8 RG* 12 26 29.0071939632 +24 04 03.817647660           ~ 2 0
40 2MASS J12264344+2357026 RG* 12 26 43.4656133280 +23 57 02.557564056           ~ 7 0
41 [VGK2013] J122645.14+235044.7 RG* 12 26 45.1444447488 +23 50 44.688563916           ~ 2 0
42 [VGK2013] J122647.34+235355.9 RG* 12 26 47.3413232760 +23 53 55.976880696           ~ 2 0
43 2MASS J12265545+2356095 RG* 12 26 55.4572934232 +23 56 09.812887008           ~ 10 0
44 2MASS J12265667+2356117 RG* 12 26 56.6612585616 +23 56 11.829707844           ~ 9 0
45 [KCG2013] ComBer 218 95 RG* 12 26 57.4747098744 +23 53 57.966371484           ~ 3 0
46 NAME Coma Dwarf Galaxy G 12 26 59.0 +23 54 15     14.1     ~ 482 1
47 [VGK2013] J122720.67+235340.6 RG* 12 27 20.6673730728 +23 53 40.550780868           ~ 2 0
48 [VGK2013] J122733.12+235219.5 RG* 12 27 33.1254981792 +23 52 19.482326040           ~ 3 0
49 [VGK2013] J125700.30+342608.5 RG* 12 57 00.2914984344 +34 26 08.568669480           ~ 2 0
50 [KCG2013] CVnII 499 531 RG* 12 57 01.41 +34 21 07.7           ~ 2 0
51 [VGK2013] J125704.15+341926.6 RG* 12 57 04.1430776448 +34 19 26.617576152           ~ 2 0
52 [KCG2013] CVnII 499 14 RG* 12 57 05.84 +34 17 52.8           ~ 2 0
53 [VGK2013] J125709.40+341900.8 RG* 12 57 09.3992583552 +34 19 00.839436528           ~ 2 0
54 NAME CVn II dSph G 12 57 09.6 +34 19 12     16.1     ~ 287 2
55 [VGK2013] J125710.39+341945.7 RG* 12 57 10.3813363296 +34 19 45.707941884           ~ 2 0
56 [VGK2013] J125710.76+342228.0 RG* 12 57 10.7542227552 +34 22 28.040601432           ~ 2 0
57 [VGK2013] J125713.64+341846.9 RG* 12 57 13.6369449336 +34 18 46.980310068           ~ 4 0
58 [VGK2013] J132724.86+333125.0 RG* 13 27 24.8566796184 +33 31 25.063314420   21.737 20.832 20.298 19.786 ~ 4 0
59 [VGK2013] J132727.04+333030.7 RG* 13 27 27.0445453200 +33 30 30.754046844   21.176 20.318 19.798 19.246 ~ 4 0
60 [VGK2013] J132728.29+333210.6 RG* 13 27 28.2891308880 +33 32 10.652124948   20.669 19.625 18.981 18.317 ~ 4 0
61 [VGK2013] J132730.35+333204.3 RG* 13 27 30.3496029672 +33 32 04.413088716   21.798 21.122 20.678 20.064 ~ 5 0
62 [VGK2013] J132730.78+332938.8 RG* 13 27 30.7845297648 +33 29 38.926286304   21.479 20.603 20.091 19.609 ~ 4 0
63 2MASS J13273121+3329598 RG* 13 27 31.2146368968 +33 29 59.200054044   20.490 19.281 18.550 17.873 ~ 5 0
64 [VGK2013] J132733.80+333257.3 RG* 13 27 33.8024682216 +33 32 57.354018180   21.627 20.742 20.203 19.633 ~ 5 0
65 [KGS2010] CVnI 542 603 RG* 13 27 35.32 +33 31 32.2   22.504 21.658 21.190 20.823 ~ 3 0
66 [VGK2013] J132737.31+333308.9 RG* 13 27 37.3116686376 +33 33 08.908459596   21.676 20.752 20.197 19.643 ~ 3 0
67 [VGK2013] J132738.40+332759.5 RG* 13 27 38.4001327080 +33 27 59.550179976   21.349 20.450 19.908 19.353 ~ 3 0
68 [VGK2013] J132738.76+333255.3 RG* 13 27 38.7561972408 +33 32 55.320682668   20.975 19.975 19.385 18.838 ~ 5 0
69 [VGK2013] J132739.32+333205.0 RG* 13 27 39.3165913368 +33 32 05.030457900   22.110 21.270 20.772 20.270 ~ 4 0
70 [VGK2013] J132740.66+332816.5 RG* 13 27 40.6642375464 +33 28 16.546530684   21.803 20.999 20.522 20.033 ~ 3 0
71 [KGS2010] CVnI 542 699ab RG* 13 27 44.03 +33 32 36.4   22.911 22.254 21.844 21.325 ~ 3 0
72 [VGK2013] J132744.15+332931.8 RG* 13 27 44.1506798904 +33 29 31.872155028   20.966 19.992 19.408 18.836 ~ 3 0
73 [VGK2013] J132748.57+333351.2 RG* 13 27 48.5671368120 +33 33 51.271208676   21.022 20.122 19.575 19.005 ~ 3 0
74 [VGK2013] J132750.00+333139.1 RG* 13 27 49.9963809216 +33 31 39.190782972   21.306 20.420 19.900 19.405 ~ 3 0
75 [VGK2013] J132750.02+333153.3 RG* 13 27 50.0206552656 +33 31 53.371799724   20.963 20.018 19.461 18.934 ~ 3 0
76 [VGK2013] J132751.59+333543.2 RG* 13 27 51.5884226376 +33 35 43.261612692   21.548 20.659 20.116 19.536 ~ 4 0
77 [VGK2013] J132751.76+333343.5 RG* 13 27 51.7695634728 +33 33 43.562087352   21.985 21.119 20.630 20.224 ~ 3 0
78 [VGK2013] J132752.87+333132.1 RG* 13 27 52.8636886176 +33 31 32.062727028   21.684 20.847 20.334 19.769 ~ 3 0
79 SDSS J132752.98+333016.7 RG* 13 27 52.99 +33 30 16.7   22.407 21.781 21.397 20.919 ~ 4 0
80 [VGK2013] J132755.65+333324.5 RG* 13 27 55.6540084800 +33 33 24.562530648   20.334 19.190 18.503 17.868 ~ 4 0
81 [VGK2013] J132755.76+333242.1 RG* 13 27 55.7631924552 +33 32 42.161968680   20.763 19.709 19.074 18.460 ~ 4 0
82 2MASS J13275780+3337547 RG* 13 27 57.8275937856 +33 37 54.497559900   20.177 19.150 18.527 17.904 ~ 3 0
83 [VGK2013] J132758.09+333300.2 RG* 13 27 58.0887723912 +33 33 00.203885316   21.324 20.388 19.831 19.290 ~ 3 0
84 [VGK2013] J132758.27+333138.1 RG* 13 27 58.2717977304 +33 31 38.075314008   20.528 19.347 18.640 17.997 ~ 3 0
85 [VGK2013] J132758.62+333654.0 RG* 13 27 58.6030399464 +33 36 53.929221660   20.360 19.368 18.777 18.215 ~ 4 0
86 [VGK2013] J132759.22+333306.7 RG* 13 27 59.2171052424 +33 33 06.695563140   21.829 20.963 20.427 19.830 ~ 4 0
87 SDSS J132759.58+333403.9 RG* 13 27 59.59 +33 34 03.9   22.092 21.290 20.809 20.299 ~ 4 0
88 [VGK2013] J132801.41+333000.1 RG* 13 28 01.4084248920 +33 30 00.097336800   20.740 19.793 19.215 18.616 ~ 4 0
89 [VGK2013] J132802.65+333606.8 RG* 13 28 02.6341708992 +33 36 06.800244732   21.571 20.850 20.433 20.019 ~ 4 0
90 [KGS2010] CVnI 542 1085 RG* 13 28 02.78 +33 32 42.8   22.170 21.531 21.178 20.846 ~ 3 0
91 NAME CVn I dSph G 13 28 03.5 +33 33 21     13.1     ~ 352 1
92 [VGK2013] J132806.36+332718.4 RG* 13 28 06.3656287824 +33 27 18.385569468   21.407 20.558 20.030 19.427 ~ 3 0
93 [VGK2013] J132807.20+333605.4 RG* 13 28 07.1875267152 +33 36 05.432130576   20.794 19.962 19.451 18.886 ~ 4 0
94 [VGK2013] J132807.21+333033.0 RG* 13 28 07.2120486024 +33 30 32.974745220   20.996 20.114 19.578 19.013 ~ 4 0
95 [KGS2010] CVnI 543 425 RG* 13 28 07.39 +33 27 09.8   22.723 21.947 21.472 20.937 ~ 3 0
96 [VGK2013] J132807.53+333347.4 RG* 13 28 07.5316328664 +33 33 47.395757520   22.108 21.317 20.833 20.292 ~ 3 0
97 [VGK2013] J132807.83+333638.3 RG* 13 28 07.8255854514 +33 36 38.270371847   21.488 20.827 20.428 19.962 ~ 4 0
98 [VGK2013] J132808.18+333106.2 RG* 13 28 08.1867494736 +33 31 06.192533568   20.526 19.480 18.847 18.231 ~ 4 0
99 [VGK2013] J132808.49+333329.3 RG* 13 28 08.4885884976 +33 33 29.328535476   21.834 21.121 20.676 20.136 ~ 5 0
100 [KGS2010] CVnI 542 1150 RG* 13 28 08.50 +33 34 26.4   23.253 22.354 21.877 21.580 ~ 4 0
101 [VGK2013] J132808.82+333441.2 RG* 13 28 08.8214933256 +33 34 41.160777708   20.847 19.873 19.293 18.738 ~ 5 0
102 [VGK2013] J132809.51+333543.2 RG* 13 28 09.5041205568 +33 35 43.240503768   21.303 20.319 19.750 19.261 ~ 2 0
103 [VGK2013] J132810.07+333341.5 RG* 13 28 10.0685300712 +33 33 41.528587464   21.071 20.200 19.684 19.177 ~ 4 0
104 [VGK2013] J132810.31+333305.9 RG* 13 28 10.3113833760 +33 33 05.929204680   20.783 19.780 19.171 18.563 ~ 4 0
105 [VGK2013] J132810.35+333427.7 RG* 13 28 10.3487240184 +33 34 27.624407916   21.069 20.154 19.602 19.041 ~ 5 0
106 [VGK2013] J132810.78+332813.1 RG* 13 28 10.7847688920 +33 28 13.046317176   21.268 20.388 19.866 19.355 ~ 3 0
107 [VGK2013] J132810.82+333631.9 RG* 13 28 10.8138217392 +33 36 31.943778876   21.303 20.533 20.072 19.574 ~ 4 0
108 [VGK2013] J132811.30+333506.0 RG* 13 28 11.3060852304 +33 35 06.034960968   21.686 20.744 20.199 19.715 ~ 4 0
109 [VGK2013] J132811.31+333259.2 RG* 13 28 11.3131409664 +33 32 59.171202132   21.750 20.819 20.267 19.740 ~ 4 0
110 [KGS2010] CVnI 543 408c RG* 13 28 11.71 +33 34 07.8   22.200 21.369 20.869 20.344 ~ 4 0
111 [VGK2013] J132812.58+332859.2 RG* 13 28 12.5798119128 +33 28 59.144705652   21.428 20.480 19.909 19.338 ~ 3 0
112 [VGK2013] J132812.83+333044.6 RG* 13 28 12.8264408064 +33 30 44.613654660   20.845 19.843 19.240 18.652 ~ 4 0
113 [VGK2013] J132813.74+333555.6 RG* 13 28 13.7340673944 +33 35 55.603689612   20.311 19.405 18.856 18.285 ~ 5 0
114 SDSS J132814.65+333340.6 RG* 13 28 14.66 +33 33 40.6   22.334 21.550 21.068 20.518 ~ 4 0
115 [VGK2013] J132814.99+333201.6 RG* 13 28 14.9913171576 +33 32 01.522530672   21.654 20.843 20.357 19.851 ~ 4 0
116 [VGK2013] J132816.05+333453.2 RG* 13 28 16.0565398248 +33 34 53.125520124   21.414 20.549 20.021 19.448 ~ 4 0
117 [VGK2013] J132816.23+333409.9 RG* 13 28 16.2321175776 +33 34 09.902671068   21.083 20.108 19.521 18.944 ~ 5 0
118 [KGS2010] CVnI 543 503 RG* 13 28 16.48 +33 31 19.6   22.502 21.706 21.241 20.784 ~ 3 0
119 [VGK2013] J132816.77+333253.9 RG* 13 28 16.7745174528 +33 32 53.911961412   21.580 20.584 20.019 19.565 ~ 4 0
120 [VGK2013] J132817.15+333342.5 RG* 13 28 17.1526758264 +33 33 42.431156892   21.724 20.880 20.380 19.878 ~ 4 0
121 [VGK2013] J132817.35+333834.6 RG* 13 28 17.3469201168 +33 38 34.600270704   20.510 19.537 18.951 18.375 ~ 3 0
122 [KGS2010] CVnI 195 587 RG* 13 28 17.53 +33 38 59.3   22.489 21.717 21.314 21.051 ~ 3 0
123 [KGS2010] CVnI 195 616abc RG* 13 28 17.67 +33 35 11.0   21.782 21.120 20.703 20.167 ~ 4 0
124 [VGK2013] J132818.31+333317.3 RG* 13 28 18.3076176408 +33 33 17.293591836   21.608 20.792 20.322 19.881 ~ 4 0
125 [VGK2013] J132818.51+333142.6 RG* 13 28 18.5087213496 +33 31 42.579545664   21.567 20.738 20.232 19.676 ~ 3 0
126 [VGK2013] J132819.22+332740.8 RG* 13 28 19.2233933664 +33 27 40.741669476   20.618 19.529 18.873 18.250 ~ 3 0
127 [VGK2013] J132819.36+333532.3 RG* 13 28 19.3551358128 +33 35 32.308213380   21.638 20.982 20.580 20.097 ~ 3 0
128 [VGK2013] J132820.95+333804.8 RG* 13 28 20.9432963112 +33 38 04.780397400   20.270 19.312 18.717 18.073 ~ 4 0
129 [VGK2013] J132821.84+333841.0 RG* 13 28 21.8344304304 +33 38 41.027032500   20.284 19.278 18.670 18.066 ~ 4 0
130 [VGK2013] J132824.03+333532.7 RG* 13 28 24.0184968312 +33 35 32.681110632   21.464 20.778 20.366 19.899 G3Ib 4 0
131 [KGS2010] CVnI 195 696 RG* 13 28 24.37 +33 34 57.2   22.281 21.592 21.182 20.733 ~ 3 0
132 [VGK2013] J132826.78+333439.7 RG* 13 28 26.7885680424 +33 34 39.670134960   21.824 20.993 20.524 20.125 ~ 4 0
133 2MASS J13282749+3336431 RG* 13 28 27.5607729960 +33 36 43.197694380   20.078 19.044 18.408 17.754 ~ 6 0
134 [VGK2013] J132828.28+333702.8 RG* 13 28 28.2705196224 +33 37 02.770400460   20.178 19.170 18.559 17.948 ~ 4 0
135 [VGK2013] J132828.78+333204.3 RG* 13 28 28.7878533312 +33 32 04.265170728   21.679 20.665 20.079 19.583 ~ 3 0
136 [KGS2010] CVnI 195 718 RG* 13 28 29.05 +33 37 10.8   21.825 21.243 20.882 20.407 ~ 3 0
137 [KGS2010] CVnI 196 356b RG* 13 28 38.37 +33 34 25.7   22.136 21.509 21.136 20.706 ~ 4 0
138 [VGK2013] J132844.26+333411.8 RG* 13 28 44.2592151528 +33 34 11.851215312   20.193 19.268 18.696 18.077 ~ 7 0
139 NAME Bootes Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy G 14 00 00.0 +14 30 00     12.8     ~ 491 0
140 [VGK2013] J163044.50+124947.9 RG* 16 30 44.5001856480 +12 49 47.839346148           ~ 10 0
141 PSO J247.7032+12.8253 RG* 16 30 48.7697777592 +12 49 31.342790100           ~ 5 0
142 PSO J247.7384+12.7889 RG* 16 30 57.2333866416 +12 47 20.310171288           ~ 16 0
143 [VGK2013] J163059.32+124725.6 RG* 16 30 59.3217413640 +12 47 25.623962736           ~ 9 0
144 PSO J247.7526+12.8254 RG* 16 31 00.6258450528 +12 49 31.802940156           ~ 8 0
145 NAME Hercules Dwarf Galaxy G 16 31 02.0 +12 47 30     14.0     ~ 379 1
146 PSO J247.7600+12.8007 RG* 16 31 02.4105220656 +12 48 02.538140436           ~ 6 0
147 [VGK2013] J163104.50+124614.5 RG* 16 31 04.4985340128 +12 46 14.487559392           ~ 8 0
148 PSO J247.7706+12.7859 RG* 16 31 04.94804640 +12 47 09.3477120           ~ 2 0
149 PSO J247.7820+12.8054 RG* 16 31 07.6901415192 +12 48 19.615243680           ~ 5 0
150 PSO J247.7838+12.8016 RG* 16 31 08.1226050504 +12 48 06.110803188           ~ 9 0
151 [VGK2013] J163114.07+124526.6 RG* 16 31 14.0631856416 +12 45 26.656681392           ~ 9 0
152 PSO J247.8502+12.7874 RG* 16 31 24.0614896656 +12 47 14.973732204           ~ 3 0
153 PSO J247.8543+12.7581 RG* 16 31 25.0401138672 +12 45 29.176143696           ~ 8 0
154 M 92 GlC 17 17 07.39 +43 08 09.4     6.52     ~ 2240 0
155 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 9325 0

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