2013ApJ...773....1J

Query : 2013ApJ...773....1J

2013ApJ...773....1J - Astrophys. J., 773, 1 (2013/August-2)

Did the ancient egyptians record the period of the eclipsing binary Algol–The Raging one?

JETSU L., PORCEDDU S., LYYTINEN J., KAJATKARI P., LEHTINEN J., MARKKANEN T. and TOIVARI-VIITALA J.

Abstract (from CDS):

The eclipses in binary stars give precise information of orbital period changes. Goodricke discovered the 2.867 day period in the eclipses of Algol in the year 1783. The irregular orbital period changes of this longest known eclipsing binary continue to puzzle astronomers. The mass transfer between the two members of this binary should cause a long-term increase of the orbital period, but observations over two centuries have not confirmed this effect. Here, we present evidence indicating that the period of Algol was 2.850 days three millennia ago. For religious reasons, the ancient Egyptians have recorded this period into the Cairo Calendar (CC), which describes the repetitive changes of the Raging one. CC may be the oldest preserved historical document of the discovery of a variable star.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): binaries: eclipsing - history and philosophy of astronomy - methods: statistical - stars: evolution - stars: individual (Algol, Bet Per, HD 19356)

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/773/1): table1.dat table3.dat>

Simbad objects: 118

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Number of rows : 118
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 * bet Cas dS* 00 09 10.68518 +59 08 59.2120 2.73 2.61 2.27 1.97 1.77 F2III 551 0
2 HD 5679 SB* 01 02 18.4439850768 +81 52 32.081564352   6.92 6.92     G2III:+B8/9 476 0
3 * gam01 And * 02 03 53.95229 +42 19 47.0223 4.22 3.30 2.10 1.16 0.47 K2+IIb 352 0
4 * bet Tri SB* 02 09 32.62712 +34 59 14.2694 3.26 3.14 3.00 2.86 2.78 A5III 230 0
5 * omi Cet Mi* 02 19 20.79210 -02 58 39.4956   7.63 6.53 5.03   M5-9IIIe+DA 1586 0
6 * gam Per SB* 03 04 47.8201112829 +53 30 23.262605954 4.08 3.63 2.93 2.34 1.89 G9III+A2-III: 225 0
7 * rho Per LP* 03 05 10.59385 +38 50 24.9943 6.83 5.04 3.39 1.59 -0.03 M4+IIIa 330 0
8 * bet Per SB* 03 08 10.1324535 +40 57 20.328013 1.70 2.07 2.12 2.08 2.11 B8V 1265 1
9 * alf Per V* 03 24 19.3700924 +49 51 40.245455 2.64 2.27 1.79     F5Ib 870 1
10 * omi Tau SB* 03 24 48.7983185016 +09 01 43.930632036 5.090 4.490 3.600 2.92 2.47 G6III 237 0
11 * ksi Tau PM* 03 27 10.1405792544 +09 43 57.871023240 3.33 3.66 3.75 3.76 3.85 B9Vn 198 0
12 * del Per Be* 03 42 55.4928046977 +47 47 14.988257477 2.38 2.89 3.01 2.99 3.10 B5III 328 0
13 * 17 Tau Be* 03 44 52.5370897890 +24 06 48.016260072 3.19 3.59 3.70 3.71 3.80 B6IIIe 415 1
14 * eta Tau Be* 03 47 29.0765529 +24 06 18.488347 2.44 2.78 2.87 2.84 2.88 B7III 557 1
15 * 27 Tau SB* 03 49 09.7430578114 +24 03 12.301679809 3.18 3.54 3.63 3.62 3.68 B8III 387 0
16 * zet Per s*b 03 54 07.9224751 +31 53 01.081262 2.19 2.97 2.85 2.71 2.62 B1Ib 881 0
17 * eps Per bC* 03 57 51.2393818140 +40 00 36.719213615 1.71 2.71 2.89 2.96 3.14 B0.5III 533 0
18 * lam Tau SB* 04 00 40.8167738514 +12 29 25.239987626 2.66 3.29 3.41 3.44 3.53 B4IV 364 0
19 * gam Tau ** 04 19 47.6039239005 +15 37 39.511385129 5.46 4.64 3.65 4.83   G9.5IIIabCN0.5 569 0
20 * del Tau SB* 04 22 56.0951595936 +17 32 33.049802364 5.56 4.74 3.76 5.56   G9.5IIICN0.5 542 0
21 * eps Tau ** 04 28 37.0002551195 +19 10 49.563140930 5.42 4.54 3.53     G9.5IIICN0.5 628 1
22 * tet02 Tau dS* 04 28 39.7416111456 +15 52 15.148738380 3.690 3.600 3.410 5.43   A7III 459 0
23 * alf Tau LP? 04 35 55.23907 +16 30 33.4885 4.32 2.40 0.86 -0.37 -1.31 K5+III 1298 2
24 * pi.03 Ori PM* 04 49 50.4112051485 +06 57 40.600622266 3.620 3.630 3.190 2.77 2.51 F6V 601 0
25 * pi.04 Ori SB* 04 51 12.3657730111 +05 36 18.373859886 2.700 3.500 3.680 3.74 3.90 B2III 319 0
26 * mu. Lep a2* 05 12 55.9029641016 -16 12 19.668599100 2.78 3.18 3.29 3.30 3.42 B9IV:HgMn 294 1
27 * bet Tau PM* 05 26 17.51312 +28 36 26.8262 1.03 1.52 1.65 1.66 1.76 B7III 380 2
28 * o Tau * 05 27 38.0841633883 +21 56 13.085083102 3.98 4.719 4.868     B2.5V 168 0
29 * bet Dor cC* 05 33 37.5159729864 -62 29 23.376457680 5.13 4.58 3.76 3.55 3.12 F8/G0Ib 401 0
30 * zet Tau Be* 05 37 38.6854231 +21 08 33.158804 2.22 2.84 3.03 3.06 3.15 B1IVe_shell 751 0
31 * eta Gem RG* 06 14 52.6452865329 +22 30 24.434377815 6.55 4.89 3.28 1.79 0.48 M2IIIa 267 0
32 * mu. Gem LP* 06 22 57.62686 +22 30 48.8979 6.37 4.51 2.87 1.30 -0.08 M3IIIab 392 1
33 * alf Car * 06 23 57.10988 -52 41 44.3810 -0.49 -0.59 -0.74 -0.96 -1.13 A9II 461 1
34 * gam Gem SB* 06 37 42.71050 +16 23 57.4095 1.98 1.92 1.92 1.86 1.87 A1.5IV+ 525 1
35 * eps Gem V* 06 43 55.9271511904 +25 07 52.057892524 5.85 4.39 2.98 2.01 1.40 G8Ib 408 0
36 * ksi Gem RG* 06 45 17.3644854477 +12 53 44.141855267 3.85 3.79 3.36 2.97 2.74 F5IV-V 233 0
37 * tet Gem PM* 06 52 47.3388625619 +33 57 40.524337771 3.84 3.70 3.60 3.50 3.42 A2IV 144 0
38 * zet Gem cC* 07 04 06.5312384690 +20 34 13.074474962 5.20 4.58 3.79   3.082 G1Ib 596 0
39 * lam Gem PM* 07 18 05.5789195368 +16 32 25.389581244   3.674 3.559     A4IV 269 0
40 * del Gem SB* 07 20 07.3745658105 +21 58 56.294578663 3.91 3.87 3.53 3.17 2.98 F2VkF0mF0 255 0
41 * iot Gem ** 07 25 43.5956409143 +27 47 53.086950407 5.67 4.83 3.79 3.02 2.52 G9IIIb 222 0
42 * bet CMi Be* 07 27 09.0417373 +08 17 21.536745 2.52 2.80 2.89 2.90 2.96 B8Ve 400 0
43 * alf Gem A SB* 07 34 35.862828 +31 53 17.79429     1.9     A1.5IV+ 394 0
44 * alf Gem ** 07 34 35.87319 +31 53 17.8160 1.64 1.62 1.58 1.51 1.52 A1V+A2Vm 275 0
45 * ups Gem PM* 07 35 55.3500141720 +26 53 44.680194960 7.54 5.60 4.06 2.82 1.91 M0III 212 0
46 * kap Gem ** 07 44 26.8438122013 +24 23 52.787290890 5.19 4.49 3.57 2.86 2.41 G8III-IIIb 308 0
47 * bet Gem PM* 07 45 18.94987 +28 01 34.3160 3.00 2.14 1.14 0.39 -0.11 K0IIIb 1150 2
48 * chi Car bC* 07 56 46.7200933968 -52 58 56.443666728 2.64 3.267 3.431     B3IV 154 1
49 * eps Car ** 08 22 30.83526 -59 30 34.1431 3.32 3.13 1.86     K3:III+B2:V 98 0
50 * bet Vol PM* 08 25 44.1950662149 -66 08 12.796451416   4.896 3.759     K2III 96 0
51 V* X Car SB* 08 31 16.8006106200 -59 13 37.344036360   8.13 8.06     A0Vn 45 0
52 * omi Vel Pu* 08 40 17.5993322082 -52 55 18.875623881 2.8 3.44 3.63     B3/5(V) 181 1
53 * n Vel * 08 41 13.1290014504 -47 19 01.669533384 5.01 4.89 4.77 4.56 4.37 A5II 58 0
54 * del01 Vel ** 08 44 42.226383 -54 42 31.75567           A2IV+A4V 214 0
55 * c Car PM* 08 55 02.8480985300 -60 38 40.594250640 3.28 3.74 3.80     B8II-III 83 0
56 * alf Vol ** 09 02 26.7960439246 -66 23 45.868433822   4.144 3.990     kA3hA5mA5V 116 1
57 * a Car SB* 09 10 58.0852959464 -58 58 00.841998284 2.56 3.25 3.40     B2IV-V 148 0
58 * i Car * 09 11 16.7220151749 -62 19 01.119842846 3.13 3.774 3.943     B3V 118 0
59 * bet Car PM* 09 13 11.97746 -69 43 01.9473 1.72 1.69 1.69 1.63 1.61 A1III- 229 1
60 * iot Car V* 09 17 05.4068572 -59 16 30.835305 2.60 2.44 2.26 2.02 1.82 A7Ib 166 0
61 * kap Vel SB* 09 22 06.8176100 -55 00 38.401683 1.5 2.324 2.473     B2IV 172 0
62 * N Vel V* 09 31 13.3181527686 -57 02 03.755222030   4.691 3.139     K5III 104 0
63 * O Vel PM* 09 43 42.2345011896 -53 53 28.614477444   5.504 5.544     A0IV 52 0
64 * l Car cC* 09 45 14.8117044917 -62 30 28.450312664   5.09 3.75     G5Iab/b 343 0
65 * ups Car * 09 47 06.12170 -65 04 19.2267   3.25 2.99 4.92   A9 77 0
66 * phi Vel * 09 56 51.7408489635 -54 34 04.037484123 2.81 3.35 3.45 3.51 3.59 B5Ib 133 0
67 V* S Car Mi* 10 09 21.8927735544 -61 32 56.433503472 9.38 7.63 5.71 5.20 3.64 K5-M6e 144 0
68 * ome Car Be* 10 13 44.2205948661 -70 02 16.463210640 2.92 3.25 3.33 3.29 3.32 B7III 129 0
69 * q Car LP* 10 17 04.9755364660 -61 19 56.296709026   4.899 3.350     K2.5II 147 0
70 * I Car V* 10 24 23.7055275402 -74 01 53.799900604 4.35 4.36 4.01 3.67 3.48 F3V 143 0
71 * s Car V* 10 27 52.7297730743 -58 44 21.862230028   4.111 3.810     F2II 96 0
72 * p Car Be* 10 32 01.4650915230 -61 41 07.195030368 2.46 3.18 3.27 3.22 3.28 B4Vne 243 0
73 * tet Car SB* 10 42 57.4019674 -64 23 40.020796 1.53 2.54 2.76 2.87 3.10 B0Vp 351 0
74 * u Car PM* 10 53 29.6561115087 -58 51 11.413331344 5.39 4.74 3.79 3.07 2.57 K0IV 103 0
75 V* U Car cC* 10 57 48.1866744768 -59 43 55.883482140 8.31 7.21 6.11   5.073 G5/8Iab 247 0
76 * x Car cC* 11 08 35.3887658400 -58 58 30.139080572 6.07 5.09 3.83 2.86 2.27 G5_0-Ia 156 0
77 * pi. Cen ** 11 21 00.4170807171 -54 29 27.964002014           B5Vn 127 0
78 * lam Cen * 11 35 46.8780907704 -63 01 11.405976996 2.96 3.10 3.14 3.10 3.11 B9III 138 0
79 * lam Mus PM* 11 45 36.4146900112 -66 43 43.527733437 3.96 3.81 3.65 3.51 3.43 A7V 95 0
80 * o Her SB* 16 24 10.8287527392 +06 56 53.557789740   5.828 5.819     A1III 82 0
81 * mu.01 Her ** 17 46 27.5472960785 +27 43 14.560978925 4.56 4.17 3.42 2.89 2.51 G5IV 719 0
82 * tet Her V* 17 56 15.1809747319 +37 15 01.932000161 6.70 5.23 3.88 2.98 2.38 K1IIaCN2 226 0
83 * ksi Her LP* 17 57 45.8856741278 +29 14 52.366005079 5.34 4.64 3.70 3.01 2.55 G8.5III 252 0
84 * omi Her Be* 18 07 32.5511122149 +28 45 44.967836300 3.74 3.802 3.827     B9.5III 162 0
85 * 109 Her ** 18 23 41.8897062084 +21 46 11.109609046 6.18 5.02 3.84 2.99 2.39 K2IIIab 187 0
86 * alf Lyr dS* 18 36 56.33635 +38 47 01.2802 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.10 A0V 2787 1
87 * 110 Her PM* 18 45 39.7256792847 +20 32 46.713086264 4.66 4.65 4.19 3.80 3.54 F5.5IV-V 427 0
88 * bet Lyr SB* 18 50 04.7951442356 +33 21 45.600371200 2.85 3.42 3.42 3.31 3.29 B8.5Ib-II 955 0
89 * 13 Lyr LP* 18 55 20.1023376286 +43 56 45.922489780 7.00 5.59 4.00 1.95 0.04 M4.5III 324 1
90 * kap Pav WV* 18 56 57.0289935240 -67 14 00.581211276   5.08 4.40     G5Iab/b 137 0
91 * gam Lyr * 18 58 56.6225626515 +32 41 22.400666366 3.140 3.200 3.250 3.27 3.28 B9.5II-III 296 0
92 * eps Aql SB* 18 59 37.3563787320 +15 04 05.811749256 6.14 5.10 4.02 3.26 2.74 K1-IIICN0.5 196 0
93 * i Aql V* 19 01 40.8288708444 -05 44 20.722217278 6.15 5.11 4.02 3.23 2.69 K1III 107 0
94 * zet Aql PM* 19 05 24.6080155 +13 51 48.518212 2.99 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.98 A0IV-Vnn 364 0
95 * lam Aql PM* 19 06 14.9386542192 -04 52 57.225885348 3.07 3.34 3.43 3.46 3.55 B8.5V 234 0
96 * del Aql ** 19 25 29.90139 +03 06 53.2061 3.72 3.68 3.36 3.11 2.95 F1IV-V(n) 247 0
97 * bet01 Cyg ** 19 30 43.2756033620 +27 57 34.825072398 4.83 4.21 3.08 2.21 1.55 K3II+B9.5V 238 0
98 * gam Aql * 19 46 15.5789542266 +10 36 47.731401477 5.93 4.23 2.72 1.65 0.87 K3II 450 0
99 * chi Cyg S* 19 50 33.9213430345 +32 54 50.575531294 7.02 6.06 4.24 1.81 -0.01 S6-9/1-2e 721 0
100 * alf Aql dS* 19 50 46.99855 +08 52 05.9563 1.07 0.98 0.76 0.62 0.49 A7Vn 919 1
101 * eta Aql cC* 19 52 28.3689223781 +01 00 20.371980515 5.12 4.61 3.80   3.030 F6Iab+B9.8V 701 0
102 * bet Aql PM* 19 55 18.7928429719 +06 24 24.351242346 5.040 4.560 3.710 3.05 2.56 G8IV 578 0
103 * eta Cyg * 19 56 18.3718373206 +35 05 00.322387793 5.800 4.910 3.880 3.19 2.66 K0III 289 0
104 * tet Aql SB* 20 11 18.2866917111 -00 49 17.268937491 3.03 3.15 3.22 3.29 3.33 B9.5III 206 1
105 * alf02 Cap PM* 20 18 03.2555957142 -12 32 41.467632703 5.20 4.51 3.58 2.91 2.42 G9III 181 0
106 * tet Cep SB* 20 29 34.9052664336 +62 59 38.797205460 4.58 4.42 4.22 4.05 3.96 A7III 161 0
107 * eps Del V* 20 33 12.7728639045 +11 18 11.758994803 3.43 3.90 4.03 4.05 4.18 B6IV 159 0
108 * eta Cep PM* 20 45 17.3751675120 +61 50 19.614231888 4.960 4.320 3.410 2.76 2.27 K0IV 461 0
109 * alf Cep PM* 21 18 34.77233 +62 35 08.0681 2.770 2.680 2.460 2.22 2.11 A8Vn 374 0
110 * bet Cep bC* 21 28 39.5968513 +70 33 38.574681 2.05 3.01 3.23 3.33 3.55 B0.5IIIs 756 0
111 * mu. Cep s*r 21 43 30.4595558543 +58 46 48.165937434 8.85 6.43 4.08 1.98 0.22 M2-Ia 695 1
112 * pi.02 Cyg SB* 21 46 47.6097792927 +49 18 34.454260528 3.4 4.11 4.18     B2.5III 180 0
113 * zet Cep s*r 22 10 51.2777055617 +58 12 04.542602641 6.62 4.90 3.35 2.27 1.49 K1.5Ib 295 0
114 * eps Cep SB* 22 15 02.1972987635 +57 02 36.846735569   4.47   4.0   F0V(Sr) 237 0
115 * del Cep cC* 22 29 10.2626640314 +58 24 54.697613650 4.71 4.35 3.75   3.219 F5Iab:+B7-8 763 0
116 * alf Lac PM* 22 31 17.5014213452 +50 16 56.969913082 3.78 3.78 3.77 3.77 3.80 A1V 270 0
117 * iot Cep PM* 22 49 40.8174918750 +66 12 01.458192633 5.50 4.60 3.54 2.69 2.19 K0-III 257 0
118 * gam Cep SB* 23 39 20.9104133784 +77 37 56.510781384 5.190 4.250   2.6   K1III-IVCN1 626 1

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